BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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168 HELCOM & OSPAR (2003): Joint HELCOM/OSPAR Work Programme on Marine Protected Areas. First Joint Ministerial Meeting of the Helsinki and OSPAR Commissions (JMM), Bremen 25-26 June 2003. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/stc/files/ BremenDocs/Joint_MPA_Work_Programme.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2004). Dioxins in the Baltic Sea. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 19 pp. Available at: http:// helcom.navigo.fi/stc/files/Publications/OtherPublications/Dioxins_in_BS-2004.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2005a): HELCOM Monitoring and Assessment Strategy. Annex 3 of the Minutes if the 26th Meeting of the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM 26/2005). Available at: http://meeting.helcom.fi/c/document_library/ get_file?p_l_id=18971&folderId=72237&name= DLFE-28847.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2005b). Atmospheric supply of nitrogen, lead, cadmium, mercury and lindane to the Baltic Sea over the period 1996-2000. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 101. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 75 pp. Available at: http://www. helcom.fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2006a). Development of tools for assessment of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 104. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 64 pp. Available at: http://www. helcom.fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2006b). Assessment of Coastal Fish in the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings No. 103A. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 28 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/publications/ bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2006c). Planning and management of Baltic Sea Protected Areas. Guidelines and tools. Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings No. 105. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 88 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/ bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007a). HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 103 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/BSAP/ActionPlan/en_GB/ ActionPlan (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007b). HELCOM lists of threatened and/or declining species and biotopes/habitats in the Baltic Sea area. Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings No. 113. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 18 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007c). HELCOM Red list of threatened and declining species of lampreys and fish of the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings No. 109. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 41 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/publications/ bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007d). Climate change in the Baltic Sea area – HELCOM thematic assessment in 2007. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 111. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 49 pp. Available at: http:// www.helcom.fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/ bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007e). Assessment of the Marine Litter problem in the Baltic region and priorities for response. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/ press_office/news_helcom/en_GB/Outcome_ Marine_Litter_Project/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007f). Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004. HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 108. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 33 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom. fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007g). Towards a Baltic Sea unaffected by Hazardous Substances – HELCOM Overview 2007. Background document for HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in Krakow, Poland on 15th November 2007. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 48 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/stc/files/ Krakow2007/HazardousSubstances_MM2007. pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2007h). Assessment on the biological coherence of the network of BSPAs. HELCOM 28/2007 Doc. 3/13. Available at: http://meeting.helcom.fi /c/ document_library/get_file?folderId=72398&nam e=DLFE-28891.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2008a): HELCOM lists of threatened and/or declining species and biotopes/habitats in the Baltic Sea area. Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings No. 113. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 17 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2008b). Annual 2007 HELCOM Report on Illegal Discharges Observed During Aerial Surveillance. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/stc/files/shipping/spills2007.pdf (viewed 19 June 2008) HELCOM (2009a). Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. An integrated thematic assessment of the effects of nutrient enrichment in the Baltic Sea region. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 115B. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 148 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/publications/bsep/ en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM (2009b). Hazardous substances of specific concern to the Baltic Sea – Final report of the HAZARDOUS project. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 119. Helsinki Commission, Helsinki. 95 pp. Available at: http://www.helcom. fi/publications/bsep/en_GB/bseplist/ (viewed 7 May 2009) HELCOM HABITAT 8 (2006). Proposals for criteria to evaluate the ecological coherence. Available at: http://meeting.helcom.fi/c/document_library/ get_file?p_l_id=16352&folderId=73533&name= DLFE-29470.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009)
HELCOM & NEFCO (2007). Economic analysis of the BSAP with the focus on eutrophication. COWI, 112 pp. Helle, E. (1980). Lowered reproductive capacity in female ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in the Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea, with special reference to uterine occlusions. Annales Zoologici Fennici 17: 147-158. Helle, E. (1981). Reproductive trends and occurrence of organochlorides and heavy metals in the Baltic seal populations. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (CM papers and reports) E: 37. Helle, E. (1986). The decrease in the ringed seal population of the Gulf of Bothnia in 1975-84. Finnish Game Res 44: 28-32. Helle, E., Nyman, M., Stenman, O. (2005). Reproductive capacity of grey and ringed seal females in Finland. International conference on Baltic seals, 15-18 February Helsinki, Finland. Hernroth, L. (ed) (1985). Recommendations on methods for marine biological studies in the Baltic Sea. Mesozooplankton assessment. BMB Publication 10: 1-32. Hernroth, L., Ackefors, H. (1979). The zooplankton of the Baltic proper — a long-term investigation of the fauna, its biology and ecology. Rep. Fish. Bd. Sweden, Inst. Mar. Res. 2. 60 pp. Herrmann, C., Harder, K., Schnick, H. (2007). Robben an der Küste Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns: Ergebnisse des Monitorings vom Februar 2007 bis Mai 2008. Naturschutzarbeit in Meckl.-Vorp. 50: 56-69. Herrmann, C., Nehls, H.W., Gregersen, J., Knief, W., Larsson, R., Elts, J., Wieloch, M. (2008). Distribution and Population Trends of the Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis Lath., 1787) in the Baltic Sea Area. Die Vogelwelt 129: 35-46. Hessle, C. (1924). Bottenboniteringar i inre Östersjön Meddelanden från Kungliga Lantbruksstyrelsen 250: 12-29. Holling C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 4: 1-23. Holz, R. (1986). Limicolen und Landwirtschaft. Grundsätze und praktische Maßnahmen im Artenschutz. Naturschutzarbeit in Mecklenburg 29: 63-70. Huggenberger, S., Benke, H., Kinze, C.C. (2002). Geographical variation in harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) skulls, support for a separate non-migratory population in the Baltic Proper. Ophelia 56: 1-12. Huhta, H-K., Rytkönen, J., Sassi, J. (2007). Estimated nutrient load from waste waters originating from ships in the Baltic Sea area. 58 pp. ISBN 978-951- 38-6899-4. Available at: http://www.vtt.fi/inf/ pdf/tiedotteet/2007/T2370.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) Huuska, P., Miinalainen, M. (2007). Katsaus Helsingin ympäristön tilaan 2007 (in Finnish -State of environment in Helsinki 2007). Publications by City of Helsinki Environment Centre 12/2007. Helsingin kaupungin ympäristökeskus. ISBN 978-952-473- 984-9. ICES (1995). Report of the Baltic Salmon and Trout assessment Working Group. ICES CM 1995/Assess:16. ICES (1997). Report of the Baltic Fisheries Assessment Working Group. ICES CM 1997/Assess:12. ICES (2000). Report of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities. ICES CM 2000/ ACME:02. Ref.: ACFM+E. ICES (2003). ICES report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem. Available at: http://www.ices. dk/reports/MHC/2003/WGEXT03.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) ICES (2005a). Advice to HELCOM on seal and harbour porpoise populations in the Baltic marine area. Available at: http://meeting.helcom.fi/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=16352&folderId= 73472&name=DLFE-36758.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) ICES (2005b). Ecosystems effects of fishing: impacts, metrics, and management strategies. ICES Cooperative Research Report, No. 272. 177 pp. ICES (2005c). ICES report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem. ICES (2006a). ICES report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem. Available at: http://www. ices.dk/workinggroups/ViewWorkingGroup. aspx?ID=107 (viewed 7 Many 2009) ICES (2006b). Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management, Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment and Advisory Committee on Ecosystems. ICES Advice. Books 1 - 10. 8. 119 pp. ICES (2006c). Report of the Working Group on Marine Habitat Mapping (WGMHM) 4–7 April, 2006. Galway, Ireland. ICES (2007a). ICES report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem. Available at: http://www. ices.dk/workinggroups/ViewWorkingGroup. aspx?ID=107 (viewed 7 Many 2009) ICES (2007b). Report of the Benthos Ecology Working Group (BEWG). Available at: http://www.ices. dk/reports/MHC/2007/BEWG07.pdf (viewed 7 May 2009) ICES (2007c). Temporal trends in contaminants in Herring in the Baltic Sea in the period of 1980-2005. HELCOM Indicator Fact Sheets 2007. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/ifs/en_GB/ cover/ (viewed June 19, 2008) ICES (2008a). Report of the Working Group on Integrated Assessment of the Baltic Sea (WGIAB). ICES (2008b). 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Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
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Published by: Helsinki Commission K
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . .
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6.6 Hazardous substances . . . . .
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1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 An integrated
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Box 1.1. Biodiversity The term biod
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of saline water from the North Sea
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14 On a global scale, marine ecosys
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Box 1.2. Regime shifts in the Balti
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2 MARINE LANDSCAPES AND HABITATS 18
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From an ecological point of view, a
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Box 2.1.2. The Baltic marine landsc
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• A coherent data set on benthic
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Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Lat
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Mud-sandflat, Greifswald Lagoon, Ge
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3 COMMUNITIES Communities are assem
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32 Spring bloom index 1200 1000 800
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34 Unusual events and new species i
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36 Depth limit (m) the Gulf of Both
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Number of species 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
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Figure 3.2.7. Left panel shows pred
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Implications for the Baltic Sea Act
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Biomass (wet weight, mg per m 2 ) B
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the other hand, is not selected by
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iomass can be used to assess enviro
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Average number of species 20 15 10
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52 Macoma baltica where the influen
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the total BT identified for each ma
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Recruitment (thousands) 8000000 700
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Alien species Several alien fish sp
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4 SPECIES The number of species in
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Table 4.1.1. Results of dedicated a
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Number of stranded porpoises 180 16
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is recommended to survey harbour po
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Number of individuals 12000 10000 8
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Mean blubber thickness (mm) 40 35 3
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Breeding pairs 60000 50000 40000 30
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predation on nests and nesting adul
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sites outside the Baltic, decreased
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Table 4.3.1. Development of the pop
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80 Number of breeding pairs 3000 25
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The strategic goal of the BSAP to h
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for a given site or area. The secon
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Mussel bed reef community, Jasmund,
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Table 5.3. Assessment results of th
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Aerial photo of harbours seals (Pho
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6 HUMAN PRESSURES ON BIODIVERSITY A
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Table 6.1.1. Catch range during the
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Baltic herring trawling, Bothnian B
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6.1.3 Major international framework
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100 Oil turnover (millions of tonne
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NOx emissions and sewage Macrophyte
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Communication links There are a num
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Figure 6.3.3. Left: concrete-stone
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ecommendations would contribute to
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Tourist fishing 110 cial fishery fo
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112 Figure 6.5.1. Integrated classi
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can be considered as having been a
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Although no direct, dramatic mass m
Page 120 and 121: Bearing in mind the complex hydrogr
Page 122 and 123: Box 6.7.1. Invasion status of the B
Page 124 and 125: Table 6.7.1. Examples of ecological
Page 126 and 127: munities that formerly consisted of
Page 128 and 129: 6.8.2 Activities generating noise i
Page 130 and 131: 128 and fish in the Baltic Sea area
Page 132 and 133: 800 700 600 bag of the two German B
Page 134 and 135: Fish swarm on kelp (Laminaria sp.)
Page 136 and 137: tion of ice cover, either through r
Page 138 and 139: 7 STATUS OF THE NETWORK OF MARINE A
Page 140 and 141: Box 7.1. Natura 2000 network of pro
Page 142 and 143: 25 20 on how the criteria on ecolog
Page 144 and 145: estrial, nearshore marine, and offs
Page 146 and 147: 144 >30 psu 18-30 psu 11-18 psu 7.5
Page 148 and 149: Permission needed Restricted Forbid
Page 150 and 151: Figure 7.8.a. MARXAN ’best portfo
Page 152 and 153: The BSPA network is relatively well
Page 154 and 155: Mammals. Among the mammals, the pop
Page 156 and 157: 154 taxonomic groups and communitie
Page 158 and 159: 156 provided by an ecosystem. Use o
Page 160 and 161: 158 Reduction of human pressures Wh
Page 162 and 163: 160 fishing on fish population dyna
Page 164 and 165: 162 Baden, S., Boström, C. (2001).
Page 166 and 167: 164 Season 2001-2002. Acta Zoologic
Page 168 and 169: 166 Gasiūnaitė, Z.R., Cardoso, A.
Page 172 and 173: 170 ICES (2008c). Report of the Bal
Page 174 and 175: 172 area: density-dependent effects
Page 176 and 177: 174 Noer, H., Clausager, I., Asferg
Page 178 and 179: 176 Scheffer M., Carpenter S.R., Fo
Page 180 and 181: 178 by passive acoustic monitoring.
Page 182 and 183: 180 Warzaw, Poland Vilhunen, Jarmo,
Page 184 and 185: 182 6.7 Alien speices Authors: Lepp
Page 186 and 187: ANNEX III: CONSERVATION STATUS OF T
Page 188 and 189: ANNEX IV: HABITAT OR SPECIES DISTRI
Page 190: ANNEX V: STATUS OF BREEDING AND WIN
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BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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