BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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Table 4.3.1. Development of the population of the white-tailed eagle in Baltic Sea littoral countries. Country Territorial pairs Current population 1991 1998 2007 trend Denmark 0 5 17 ++ Estonia 40 60 150–170 ++ Finland 77 158 294 ++ Germany, 8 20 53 ++ Schleswig-Holstein Germany, Mecklenburg- 102 153 242 ++ Western Pomerania Latvia 5–8 11 25 ++ Lithuania 7 25–30 90 ++ Poland 300 500 700–800 ++ Russia, Kaliningrad region 1–4 5–6 >20 ++ Russia, 15 20 25–30 + St. Petersburg region Sweden 127 227 496 ++ Total, Baltic Sea littoral countries 660– 670 1 170–1 180 2 100–2 250 ++ Territorial pairs 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Total Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Schleswig-Holstein Denmark Figure 4.3.8. The population development of the white-tailed eagle in the western Baltic (Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), 1973–2008. 78 Dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) The southern sub-species of the dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) colonizes southeastern Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Great Britain and Ireland, southern Norway, and the Baltic Sea. In the past, the dunlin bred in the southern North Sea (Belgium, Netherlands and Germany), but in recent times breeding records are few and irregular. At the beginning of the 20th century, the dunlin was still a very common bird around the Baltic. The Danish breeding population at that time is estimated at 50 000–100 000 bp (Thorup 1997), and the species was also widespread and common in Sweden, Germany, Poland and Estonia. Since then, the Baltic dunlin suffered a continuous, dramatic decline. The Danish population declined to about 600 bp in 1970 (Ferdinand 1980), 450 bp in the mid-1990s (Grell 1998), and 350 bp in 2002 (Thorup 2003). The breeding pair numbers in Sweden and Estonia declined to currently around 100 and 200–250 bp, respectively. Along the southern and eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea (Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and the Kaliningrad and St. Petersburg regions of Russia), the dunlin has already disappeared or is close to extinction (Table 4.3.2). In Finland, the southern dunlin has never been numerous. During recent years
(2003–2007), the number of breeding pairs was between 50 and 60. The total Baltic population was estimated at about 1 110–1 360 bp in 2002 (Thorup 2006), and not more than 700–800 bp in 2007 (Table 4.3.2). the dunlin population. It is very likely that the rapid decline of the dunlin in the Baltic Sea area is not a consequence of habitat loss, but rather is driven by large-scale factors such as climate change. Habitat loss by drainage and land reclamation have been considered as reasons for the population decline in the past (Holz 1986). An increase in predators and management problems for coastal meadows seem to be other important fac tors affecting the population. However, the dramatic long-term decline from probably far more than 100 000 bp at the beginning of the 20th century to less than 1 000 one hundred years later cannot be explained only by habitat loss and predation. Even in areas where suitable habitats have been conserved and properly managed, the dunlin is declining or has even disappeared. In Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Lithuania, restoration projects for breeding habitats of dunlin, ruff (Philomachus pugnax) and other waders have recently been implemented or are currently under implementation. Specific programmes and projects aiming to restore breeding habitats are also being implemented in Finland and Poland. However, these efforts do not yet show positive effects for Sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis) At the beginning of the 20th century, the Baltic Sea was not part of the breeding range of the sandwich tern. However, during the first half of the century, the species expanded its range gradually to the northeast, colonizing Skåne in 1911 and the Swedish east coast during the 1930s. Starting with the formation of a colony on the island Heuwiese (Germany, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) in 1957, the sandwich tern continued its range expansion to the southern coasts of the western and central Baltic, becoming a permanent breeding bird first at the German Baltic coast and shortly after, in 1962, in Estonia. It bred in Poland from 1977–1991 and again since 2006. The range expansion and positive population development in the Baltic Sea area during the 1950s/1960s occurred at a time when the North Sea population declined dramatically. This indicates that the colonization of the Baltic Sea could have Table 4.3.2. The dunlin population in the Baltic littoral countries. Country Current breeding Remarks Source of information population Denmark 350 2002 Thorup (2003) Sweden 85–120 2006 M. Larsson, pers. com. Estonia 200–250 2007 Elts et al. (2008) Finland 50–60 2003–2007 Finnish working group on Southern Dunlin, Ministry of Environment Finland Germany, Mecklenburg- Western Pomerania Germany, Schleswig-Holstein 9 2007 Working Group for Coastal Bird Protection Meckl.- W. Pomerania 0 at the west coast (North Sea) W. Knief, pers. comm. probably still 0–5 bp Latvia 1–5 1989–1997 Thorup (2006) Lithuania 25–30 1996–1998 Thorup (2006) Poland 0–5 no breeding record in 2007, but observation of some individuals during the breeding season Sikora et al. (2008) Russia, St. Petersburg Region Russia, Kaliningrad Region Total, Baltic Sea littoral countries 1–5 sporadic breeder at the Gulf of Finland, one nest found in 2008 2 2001, no breeding record after 2001 700–800 V. Fedorov, pers. comm. Grishanov & Lykov (2008) 79
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Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
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Published by: Helsinki Commission K
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . .
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6.6 Hazardous substances . . . . .
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1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 An integrated
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Box 1.1. Biodiversity The term biod
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of saline water from the North Sea
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14 On a global scale, marine ecosys
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Box 1.2. Regime shifts in the Balti
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2 MARINE LANDSCAPES AND HABITATS 18
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From an ecological point of view, a
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Box 2.1.2. The Baltic marine landsc
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• A coherent data set on benthic
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Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Lat
Page 30 and 31: Mud-sandflat, Greifswald Lagoon, Ge
Page 32 and 33: 3 COMMUNITIES Communities are assem
Page 34 and 35: 32 Spring bloom index 1200 1000 800
Page 36 and 37: 34 Unusual events and new species i
Page 38 and 39: 36 Depth limit (m) the Gulf of Both
Page 40 and 41: Number of species 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3.2.7. Left panel shows pred
Page 44 and 45: Implications for the Baltic Sea Act
Page 46 and 47: Biomass (wet weight, mg per m 2 ) B
Page 48 and 49: the other hand, is not selected by
Page 50 and 51: iomass can be used to assess enviro
Page 52 and 53: Average number of species 20 15 10
Page 54 and 55: 52 Macoma baltica where the influen
Page 56 and 57: the total BT identified for each ma
Page 58 and 59: Recruitment (thousands) 8000000 700
Page 60 and 61: Alien species Several alien fish sp
Page 62 and 63: 4 SPECIES The number of species in
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.1.1. Results of dedicated a
Page 66 and 67: Number of stranded porpoises 180 16
Page 68 and 69: is recommended to survey harbour po
Page 70 and 71: Number of individuals 12000 10000 8
Page 72 and 73: Mean blubber thickness (mm) 40 35 3
Page 74 and 75: Breeding pairs 60000 50000 40000 30
Page 76 and 77: predation on nests and nesting adul
Page 78 and 79: sites outside the Baltic, decreased
Page 82 and 83: 80 Number of breeding pairs 3000 25
Page 84 and 85: The strategic goal of the BSAP to h
Page 86 and 87: for a given site or area. The secon
Page 88 and 89: Mussel bed reef community, Jasmund,
Page 90 and 91: Table 5.3. Assessment results of th
Page 92 and 93: Aerial photo of harbours seals (Pho
Page 94 and 95: 6 HUMAN PRESSURES ON BIODIVERSITY A
Page 96 and 97: Table 6.1.1. Catch range during the
Page 98 and 99: Baltic herring trawling, Bothnian B
Page 100 and 101: 6.1.3 Major international framework
Page 102 and 103: 100 Oil turnover (millions of tonne
Page 104 and 105: NOx emissions and sewage Macrophyte
Page 106 and 107: Communication links There are a num
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.3.3. Left: concrete-stone
Page 110 and 111: ecommendations would contribute to
Page 112 and 113: Tourist fishing 110 cial fishery fo
Page 114 and 115: 112 Figure 6.5.1. Integrated classi
Page 116 and 117: can be considered as having been a
Page 118 and 119: Although no direct, dramatic mass m
Page 120 and 121: Bearing in mind the complex hydrogr
Page 122 and 123: Box 6.7.1. Invasion status of the B
Page 124 and 125: Table 6.7.1. Examples of ecological
Page 126 and 127: munities that formerly consisted of
Page 128 and 129: 6.8.2 Activities generating noise i
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128 and fish in the Baltic Sea area
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800 700 600 bag of the two German B
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Fish swarm on kelp (Laminaria sp.)
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tion of ice cover, either through r
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7 STATUS OF THE NETWORK OF MARINE A
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Box 7.1. Natura 2000 network of pro
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25 20 on how the criteria on ecolog
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estrial, nearshore marine, and offs
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144 >30 psu 18-30 psu 11-18 psu 7.5
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Permission needed Restricted Forbid
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Figure 7.8.a. MARXAN ’best portfo
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The BSPA network is relatively well
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Mammals. Among the mammals, the pop
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154 taxonomic groups and communitie
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156 provided by an ecosystem. Use o
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158 Reduction of human pressures Wh
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160 fishing on fish population dyna
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162 Baden, S., Boström, C. (2001).
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164 Season 2001-2002. Acta Zoologic
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166 Gasiūnaitė, Z.R., Cardoso, A.
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168 HELCOM & OSPAR (2003): Joint HE
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170 ICES (2008c). Report of the Bal
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172 area: density-dependent effects
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174 Noer, H., Clausager, I., Asferg
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176 Scheffer M., Carpenter S.R., Fo
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178 by passive acoustic monitoring.
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180 Warzaw, Poland Vilhunen, Jarmo,
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182 6.7 Alien speices Authors: Lepp
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ANNEX III: CONSERVATION STATUS OF T
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ANNEX IV: HABITAT OR SPECIES DISTRI
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ANNEX V: STATUS OF BREEDING AND WIN
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