BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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6.6 Hazardous substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.6.1 Sources and inputs to the Baltic Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.6.2 Occurrence and impacts of hazardous substances on Baltic biodiversity . . . . . . . 115 6.6.3 Major international frameworks regulating hazardous substances . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.6.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.7 Alien species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.7.1 Trends and impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.7.2 Major international frameworks that address invasive species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 6.7.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 6.8 Noise pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.8.1 Hearing in the marine environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.8.2 Activities generating noise in the Baltic Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.8.3 Possible mitigation measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.8.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.9 Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 6.9.1 Hunting of sea birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 6.9.2 Hunting of seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 6.9.3 Major international frameworks regulating hunting of seabirds and seals . . . . .130 6.9.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.10 Projected future climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.10.1 Projected changes in climate in the Baltic Sea region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.10.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 CHAPTER 7: STATUS OF THE NETWORK OF MARINE AND COASTAL BALTIC SEA PROTECTED AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.1 History of marine and coastal Baltic Sea Protected Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.2 Assessment of the ecological coherence of the BSPA network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.3 Current status of the legal protection and management of the BSPA network . . . . . .145 7.4 A regional and systematic approach to selecting a representative network of MPAs: an example from the BALANCE project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 7.6 Recommendations and proposed actions to meet the HELCOM 2010 target . . . . . . . .150 CHAPTER 8: SYNTHESIS: TOWARDS A FAVOURABLE CONSERVATION STATUS OF BALTIC SEA BIODIVERSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 8.1 Overview of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.2 Challenges and opportunities for the protection of the Baltic Sea biodiversity . . . . . . 155 8.3 Necessary steps for future assessments of biodiversity in the Baltic Sea . . . . . . . . . . . .160 REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 6
ANNEX I: Authors and contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 ANNEX II:List of acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 ANNEX III: Conservation status of the Baltic Sea marine Natura 2000 habitats in comparison to HELCOM threat assessment (HELCOM 1998). . . . . .184 ANNEX IV: Habitat or species distribution models in the Baltic Sea area. . . .186 ANNEX V: Status of breeding and wintering bird species in the Baltic Sea sub-basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 7
Page 1: Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
Page 4 and 5: Published by: Helsinki Commission K
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . .
Page 10 and 11: 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 An integrated
Page 12 and 13: Box 1.1. Biodiversity The term biod
Page 14 and 15: of saline water from the North Sea
Page 16 and 17: 14 On a global scale, marine ecosys
Page 18 and 19: Box 1.2. Regime shifts in the Balti
Page 20 and 21: 2 MARINE LANDSCAPES AND HABITATS 18
Page 22 and 23: From an ecological point of view, a
Page 24 and 25: Box 2.1.2. The Baltic marine landsc
Page 26 and 27: • A coherent data set on benthic
Page 28 and 29: Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Lat
Page 30 and 31: Mud-sandflat, Greifswald Lagoon, Ge
Page 32 and 33: 3 COMMUNITIES Communities are assem
Page 34 and 35: 32 Spring bloom index 1200 1000 800
Page 36 and 37: 34 Unusual events and new species i
Page 38 and 39: 36 Depth limit (m) the Gulf of Both
Page 40 and 41: Number of species 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3.2.7. Left panel shows pred
Page 44 and 45: Implications for the Baltic Sea Act
Page 46 and 47: Biomass (wet weight, mg per m 2 ) B
Page 48 and 49: the other hand, is not selected by
Page 50 and 51: iomass can be used to assess enviro
Page 52 and 53: Average number of species 20 15 10
Page 54 and 55: 52 Macoma baltica where the influen
Page 56 and 57: the total BT identified for each ma
Page 58 and 59:
Recruitment (thousands) 8000000 700
Page 60 and 61:
Alien species Several alien fish sp
Page 62 and 63:
4 SPECIES The number of species in
Page 64 and 65:
Table 4.1.1. Results of dedicated a
Page 66 and 67:
Number of stranded porpoises 180 16
Page 68 and 69:
is recommended to survey harbour po
Page 70 and 71:
Number of individuals 12000 10000 8
Page 72 and 73:
Mean blubber thickness (mm) 40 35 3
Page 74 and 75:
Breeding pairs 60000 50000 40000 30
Page 76 and 77:
predation on nests and nesting adul
Page 78 and 79:
sites outside the Baltic, decreased
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.3.1. Development of the pop
Page 82 and 83:
80 Number of breeding pairs 3000 25
Page 84 and 85:
The strategic goal of the BSAP to h
Page 86 and 87:
for a given site or area. The secon
Page 88 and 89:
Mussel bed reef community, Jasmund,
Page 90 and 91:
Table 5.3. Assessment results of th
Page 92 and 93:
Aerial photo of harbours seals (Pho
Page 94 and 95:
6 HUMAN PRESSURES ON BIODIVERSITY A
Page 96 and 97:
Table 6.1.1. Catch range during the
Page 98 and 99:
Baltic herring trawling, Bothnian B
Page 100 and 101:
6.1.3 Major international framework
Page 102 and 103:
100 Oil turnover (millions of tonne
Page 104 and 105:
NOx emissions and sewage Macrophyte
Page 106 and 107:
Communication links There are a num
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 6.3.3. Left: concrete-stone
Page 110 and 111:
ecommendations would contribute to
Page 112 and 113:
Tourist fishing 110 cial fishery fo
Page 114 and 115:
112 Figure 6.5.1. Integrated classi
Page 116 and 117:
can be considered as having been a
Page 118 and 119:
Although no direct, dramatic mass m
Page 120 and 121:
Bearing in mind the complex hydrogr
Page 122 and 123:
Box 6.7.1. Invasion status of the B
Page 124 and 125:
Table 6.7.1. Examples of ecological
Page 126 and 127:
munities that formerly consisted of
Page 128 and 129:
6.8.2 Activities generating noise i
Page 130 and 131:
128 and fish in the Baltic Sea area
Page 132 and 133:
800 700 600 bag of the two German B
Page 134 and 135:
Fish swarm on kelp (Laminaria sp.)
Page 136 and 137:
tion of ice cover, either through r
Page 138 and 139:
7 STATUS OF THE NETWORK OF MARINE A
Page 140 and 141:
Box 7.1. Natura 2000 network of pro
Page 142 and 143:
25 20 on how the criteria on ecolog
Page 144 and 145:
estrial, nearshore marine, and offs
Page 146 and 147:
144 >30 psu 18-30 psu 11-18 psu 7.5
Page 148 and 149:
Permission needed Restricted Forbid
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 7.8.a. MARXAN ’best portfo
Page 152 and 153:
The BSPA network is relatively well
Page 154 and 155:
Mammals. Among the mammals, the pop
Page 156 and 157:
154 taxonomic groups and communitie
Page 158 and 159:
156 provided by an ecosystem. Use o
Page 160 and 161:
158 Reduction of human pressures Wh
Page 162 and 163:
160 fishing on fish population dyna
Page 164 and 165:
162 Baden, S., Boström, C. (2001).
Page 166 and 167:
164 Season 2001-2002. Acta Zoologic
Page 168 and 169:
166 Gasiūnaitė, Z.R., Cardoso, A.
Page 170 and 171:
168 HELCOM & OSPAR (2003): Joint HE
Page 172 and 173:
170 ICES (2008c). Report of the Bal
Page 174 and 175:
172 area: density-dependent effects
Page 176 and 177:
174 Noer, H., Clausager, I., Asferg
Page 178 and 179:
176 Scheffer M., Carpenter S.R., Fo
Page 180 and 181:
178 by passive acoustic monitoring.
Page 182 and 183:
180 Warzaw, Poland Vilhunen, Jarmo,
Page 184 and 185:
182 6.7 Alien speices Authors: Lepp
Page 186 and 187:
ANNEX III: CONSERVATION STATUS OF T
Page 188 and 189:
ANNEX IV: HABITAT OR SPECIES DISTRI
Page 190:
ANNEX V: STATUS OF BREEDING AND WIN
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