BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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Mean blubber thickness (mm) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1997- 1999 (N=11) 2000- 2002 (N=9) 2003- 2004 (N=26) 2005 (N=16) 2006 (N=16) 2007 (N=19) 2008 (N=10) Figure 4.2.3. The mean blubber thickness in 1–3 year-old bycaught grey seals from 1997 to 2007 examined in Sweden. Note: The decrease in mean blubber thickness between these years is significant (p
inged seals and harbour seals in the Kalmarsund area. However, by-catches of all Baltic marine mammal species will remain substantial and exceed 2% of their populations if the current structure of fisheries remains unchanged. The situation can be improved if fisheries with substantial by-catches change their methods. This is the single most important factor affecting mortality rates in Baltic seals. The decreasing nutritional status of ringed seals and grey seals implies that food resources might be limiting. Actions should be taken to manage fish stocks in accordance with the principles of the ecosystem approach. It has been suggested that the increasing prevalence of colonic ulcers is caused by harmful chemical substances. Further actions should be taken to reduce inputs of xenobiotic organohalogen compounds that affect Baltic biota. Sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis) The pristine distribution of harbour seals and grey seals encompassed also the German, Polish and Kaliningrad coasts of the Baltic. Measures in the form of protected areas and reduction of human impacts are required to achieve the main longterm objective ‘Natural Distribution’ of the 2006 HELCOM recommendation on seals. 4.3 Birds One of the great achievements of nature conservation in the 20th century was the establishment of protected areas all around the Baltic Sea, including for the most important breeding and resting sites of seabirds. The unlimited persecution of species that for a long time had been considered as ‘harmful’, such as white-tailed eagle and great cormorant, was stopped by nature conservation legislation. Ultimately, with the EU Birds Directive, a comprehensive conservation regime for birds entered into force in 1979 and became effective for almost the entire Baltic, except Russia, when Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia joined the European Union in 2004. Despite these positive developments, anthropogenic factors such as pollution, habitat change and incidental killing still have a significant impact on bird populations in the Baltic Sea area. There is no target in the biodiversity segment of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) that addresses specific bird populations, but there are several targets that embrace birds, primarily the target to reach “By 2015, improved conservation status of species included in the HELCOM lists of threatened and/or declining species and habitats of the Baltic Sea area, with the final target to reach and ensure favourable conservation status of all species”. This list currently includes thirteen species of birds. Several targets in the biodiversity segment are also related to reducing the impacts of fisheries, an issue that is highly relevant for birds. In addition, the Maritime Activity Segment of the BSAP includes the strategic goal “To have maritime activities in the Baltic Sea carried out in an environmentally friendly way“. Because maritime traffic causes oil spills and the release of hazardous substances and other wastes, this goal is also relevant for birds. 4.3.1 Status and trends This section describes the status and population development of selected bird species. It aims to illustrate characteristic and representative developments. The population status of these species in Baltic basins is provided in Annex V. 71
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Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
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Published by: Helsinki Commission K
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . .
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6.6 Hazardous substances . . . . .
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1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 An integrated
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Box 1.1. Biodiversity The term biod
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of saline water from the North Sea
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14 On a global scale, marine ecosys
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Box 1.2. Regime shifts in the Balti
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2 MARINE LANDSCAPES AND HABITATS 18
Page 22 and 23: From an ecological point of view, a
Page 24 and 25: Box 2.1.2. The Baltic marine landsc
Page 26 and 27: • A coherent data set on benthic
Page 28 and 29: Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Lat
Page 30 and 31: Mud-sandflat, Greifswald Lagoon, Ge
Page 32 and 33: 3 COMMUNITIES Communities are assem
Page 34 and 35: 32 Spring bloom index 1200 1000 800
Page 36 and 37: 34 Unusual events and new species i
Page 38 and 39: 36 Depth limit (m) the Gulf of Both
Page 40 and 41: Number of species 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3.2.7. Left panel shows pred
Page 44 and 45: Implications for the Baltic Sea Act
Page 46 and 47: Biomass (wet weight, mg per m 2 ) B
Page 48 and 49: the other hand, is not selected by
Page 50 and 51: iomass can be used to assess enviro
Page 52 and 53: Average number of species 20 15 10
Page 54 and 55: 52 Macoma baltica where the influen
Page 56 and 57: the total BT identified for each ma
Page 58 and 59: Recruitment (thousands) 8000000 700
Page 60 and 61: Alien species Several alien fish sp
Page 62 and 63: 4 SPECIES The number of species in
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.1.1. Results of dedicated a
Page 66 and 67: Number of stranded porpoises 180 16
Page 68 and 69: is recommended to survey harbour po
Page 70 and 71: Number of individuals 12000 10000 8
Page 74 and 75: Breeding pairs 60000 50000 40000 30
Page 76 and 77: predation on nests and nesting adul
Page 78 and 79: sites outside the Baltic, decreased
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.3.1. Development of the pop
Page 82 and 83: 80 Number of breeding pairs 3000 25
Page 84 and 85: The strategic goal of the BSAP to h
Page 86 and 87: for a given site or area. The secon
Page 88 and 89: Mussel bed reef community, Jasmund,
Page 90 and 91: Table 5.3. Assessment results of th
Page 92 and 93: Aerial photo of harbours seals (Pho
Page 94 and 95: 6 HUMAN PRESSURES ON BIODIVERSITY A
Page 96 and 97: Table 6.1.1. Catch range during the
Page 98 and 99: Baltic herring trawling, Bothnian B
Page 100 and 101: 6.1.3 Major international framework
Page 102 and 103: 100 Oil turnover (millions of tonne
Page 104 and 105: NOx emissions and sewage Macrophyte
Page 106 and 107: Communication links There are a num
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.3.3. Left: concrete-stone
Page 110 and 111: ecommendations would contribute to
Page 112 and 113: Tourist fishing 110 cial fishery fo
Page 114 and 115: 112 Figure 6.5.1. Integrated classi
Page 116 and 117: can be considered as having been a
Page 118 and 119: Although no direct, dramatic mass m
Page 120 and 121: Bearing in mind the complex hydrogr
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Box 6.7.1. Invasion status of the B
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Table 6.7.1. Examples of ecological
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munities that formerly consisted of
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6.8.2 Activities generating noise i
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128 and fish in the Baltic Sea area
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800 700 600 bag of the two German B
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Fish swarm on kelp (Laminaria sp.)
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tion of ice cover, either through r
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7 STATUS OF THE NETWORK OF MARINE A
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Box 7.1. Natura 2000 network of pro
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25 20 on how the criteria on ecolog
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estrial, nearshore marine, and offs
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144 >30 psu 18-30 psu 11-18 psu 7.5
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Permission needed Restricted Forbid
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Figure 7.8.a. MARXAN ’best portfo
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The BSPA network is relatively well
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Mammals. Among the mammals, the pop
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154 taxonomic groups and communitie
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156 provided by an ecosystem. Use o
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158 Reduction of human pressures Wh
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160 fishing on fish population dyna
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162 Baden, S., Boström, C. (2001).
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164 Season 2001-2002. Acta Zoologic
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166 Gasiūnaitė, Z.R., Cardoso, A.
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168 HELCOM & OSPAR (2003): Joint HE
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170 ICES (2008c). Report of the Bal
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172 area: density-dependent effects
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174 Noer, H., Clausager, I., Asferg
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176 Scheffer M., Carpenter S.R., Fo
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178 by passive acoustic monitoring.
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180 Warzaw, Poland Vilhunen, Jarmo,
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182 6.7 Alien speices Authors: Lepp
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ANNEX III: CONSERVATION STATUS OF T
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ANNEX IV: HABITAT OR SPECIES DISTRI
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ANNEX V: STATUS OF BREEDING AND WIN
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BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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