BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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Published by: Helsinki Commission Katajanokanlaituri 6 B FI-00160 Helsinki Finland http://www.helcom.fi Authors Ulla Li Zweifel and Maria Laamanen (Eds.), Zyad Al-Hamdani, Jesper H. Andersen, Åsa Andersson, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz, Hermanni Backer, Harald Benke, Dieter Boedeker, Thomas Bregnballe, Stefan Bräger, Britt-Marie Bäcklin, Michael Dähne, Juha Flinkman, Christof Herrmann, Tero Härkönen, Anda Ikauniece, Martin Isaeus, Marko Järvinen, Pirkko Kauppila, Samuli Korpinen, Pirjo Kuuppo, Pasi Laihonen, Ari O. Laine, Kjell Larsson, Kari Lehtonen, Erkki Leppäkoski, Anna-Sara Liman, Georg Martin, Jukka Mehtonen, Alf Norkko, Henn Ojaveer, Hanna Paulomäki, Henna Piekäinen, Lutz Postel, Johnny Reker, Doris Schiedek, Kaire Torn, Ursula Katharina Verfuß, Anna Villnäs, Christine Wenzel, Ramūnas Žydelis. Contributors, see Annex 1, page 179-182. For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as: HELCOM, 2009 Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea – An integrated thematic assessment on biodiversity and nature conservation in the Baltic Sea. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 116B. Information included in this publication or extracts thereof are free for citing on the condition that the complete reference of the publication is given as stated above. Copyright 2009 by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission – Helsinki Commission Language revision: Janet F. Pawlak Design and layout: Bitdesign, Vantaa, Finland Photo credits: Front cover: Reetta Ljunberg, HELCOM. Metsähallitus, Finland. Metsähallitus, Finland. BfN/Krause-Huebner, Germany. Page 15, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 17, Samuli Korpinen, HELCOM. Page 24, Jan Kube, Germany. Page 28, Christof Herrmann, Germany. Page 29, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz, Poland. Page 42, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 48, Jan-Erik Bruun, Finland. Page 49, Essi Keskinen, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 52, Jan-Erik Bruun, Finland. Page 59, Christian Pusch, Germany. Page 61, Harald Benke, Germany. Page 67, Wolfgang Dinter-Germany. Page 71, Michael Luhn, Germany. Page 76, Mirko Hauswirth, Germany. Page 81, Christof Herrmann, Germany. Page 82, Metsähallitus/EK, Finland. Page 83, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 86, BfN/Krause-Huebner, Germany. Page 90 , Torsten Foy and Michael Dähne, Germany. Page 91, Peter Huebner, Germany. Page 93, Markku Lahtinen, Finland. Page 96, Markku Lahtinen, Finland. Page 101, BfN/Krause-Huebner, Germany. Page 103, BfN/Krause-Huebner, Germany. Page 106, Z. Otremba, Poland. Page 108, Dieter Boedeker, Germany. Page 111, Maria Laamanen, HELCOM. Page 118, Essi Keskinen, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 120, Soili Saesmaa, SYKE, Finland. Page 123, Ilkka Lastumäki, SYKE, Finland. Page 124, Ari O. Laine, Finland. Page 126, Bundeswehr PIZ Marine, Germany. Page 131, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 132, Jan Nicolaisen, Denmark. Page 133, Ivar Juessi, Estonia. Page 134, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 135, Christof Herrmann, Germany. Page 137, Essi Keskinen, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 147, BfN/Krause-Huebner, Germany. Page 149, BfN/Krause- Huebner, Germany. Page 150, BfN/Krause-Huebner, Germany. Page 152, Jan Nicolaisen, Denmark. Page 155, Markku Lahtinen, Finland. Page 156, Thomas Merck, Germany. Page 159, Samuli Korpinen, HELCOM. Number of pages: 188 Printed by: Erweko Painotuote Oy, Finland 2 ISSN 0357-0000
PREFACE Sixty different benthic landscapes, 150 biotopes, and a richness of about 100 species of fish, 450 macroalgae species, 1000 zoobenthos species, 3000 plankton species, and many thousands of unknown species of bacteria and viruses—that is a rough estimate of the biodiversity hidden under the Baltic Sea surface. These organisms and their ambient environment form the building blocks of the ecosystem and the interactions among all components determine the characteristic features of the Baltic Sea. During the past few centuries, human activities have gradually changed the Baltic Sea environment in many ways: loads of nutrients and hazardous substances have increased, resource extraction has intensified, and the physical environment has been modified by construction and dredging activities. Since the Second World War, the pressures have increased. The more we learn about the effects of these activities, the clearer it becomes that they have a profound and even irrevocable effect on the diversity of life in the sea. Today, changes to the Baltic Sea ecosystem, such as reduced water transparency and shifts in coastal bottom vegetation, are obvious not only for ecologists but also for the layperson. Increasing human pressures have changed the Baltic Sea ecosystem and thus undermined its structure and functions. This affects not only the characteristic appearance of the sea, but also the supply of goods and services that are recognized as valuable to society, such as revenues from fisheries and bathing waters free from algal blooms. In order to improve the condition of the Baltic Sea, the Contracting Parties of the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) adopted a plan in 2007 to restore the sea to good ecological status: the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). One of the four main goals of the Action Plan is to achieve a favourable conservation status of Baltic Sea biodiversity. This biodiversity component of the Action Plan can also be seen as a contribution to the wider goal of protecting biodiversity at a global level. Member States of the European Union (EU) as well as the parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have agreed to halt the loss of biodiversity by 2010, including that of the marine environment. With the BSAP, the HELCOM Contracting Parties also agreed to develop a common approach and tools for assessing the conservation status of Baltic Sea biodiversity. This thematic assessment report can be seen as a contribution to fulfilling this task. The report is also the second integrated thematic assessment report to be published following the HELCOM Monitoring and Assessment Strategy adopted in 2005. The HELCOM integrated thematic assessment on biodiversity and nature conservation in the Baltic Sea is the first comprehensive report on biodiversity and nature conservation in the region. The report provides a baseline for monitoring progress towards the goals and targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan that relate to biodiversity. The ambition is to provide an overview of the state of Baltic biodiversity and nature protection at the beginning of the 21st century, to illustrate the links between the different pressures and activities in the Baltic area and the resulting environmental state, and to suggest specific recommendations to safeguard, and when necessary to restore, Baltic Sea biodiversity. The report also introduces a new tool for assessing the status in relation to set targets concerning biodiversity and nature conservation of the Baltic Sea, allowing a preliminary classification of conservation status. 3
Page 1: Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . .
Page 8 and 9: 6.6 Hazardous substances . . . . .
Page 10 and 11: 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 An integrated
Page 12 and 13: Box 1.1. Biodiversity The term biod
Page 14 and 15: of saline water from the North Sea
Page 16 and 17: 14 On a global scale, marine ecosys
Page 18 and 19: Box 1.2. Regime shifts in the Balti
Page 20 and 21: 2 MARINE LANDSCAPES AND HABITATS 18
Page 22 and 23: From an ecological point of view, a
Page 24 and 25: Box 2.1.2. The Baltic marine landsc
Page 26 and 27: • A coherent data set on benthic
Page 28 and 29: Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Lat
Page 30 and 31: Mud-sandflat, Greifswald Lagoon, Ge
Page 32 and 33: 3 COMMUNITIES Communities are assem
Page 34 and 35: 32 Spring bloom index 1200 1000 800
Page 36 and 37: 34 Unusual events and new species i
Page 38 and 39: 36 Depth limit (m) the Gulf of Both
Page 40 and 41: Number of species 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3.2.7. Left panel shows pred
Page 44 and 45: Implications for the Baltic Sea Act
Page 46 and 47: Biomass (wet weight, mg per m 2 ) B
Page 48 and 49: the other hand, is not selected by
Page 50 and 51: iomass can be used to assess enviro
Page 52 and 53: Average number of species 20 15 10
Page 54 and 55:
52 Macoma baltica where the influen
Page 56 and 57:
the total BT identified for each ma
Page 58 and 59:
Recruitment (thousands) 8000000 700
Page 60 and 61:
Alien species Several alien fish sp
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4 SPECIES The number of species in
Page 64 and 65:
Table 4.1.1. Results of dedicated a
Page 66 and 67:
Number of stranded porpoises 180 16
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is recommended to survey harbour po
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Number of individuals 12000 10000 8
Page 72 and 73:
Mean blubber thickness (mm) 40 35 3
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Breeding pairs 60000 50000 40000 30
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predation on nests and nesting adul
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sites outside the Baltic, decreased
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Table 4.3.1. Development of the pop
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80 Number of breeding pairs 3000 25
Page 84 and 85:
The strategic goal of the BSAP to h
Page 86 and 87:
for a given site or area. The secon
Page 88 and 89:
Mussel bed reef community, Jasmund,
Page 90 and 91:
Table 5.3. Assessment results of th
Page 92 and 93:
Aerial photo of harbours seals (Pho
Page 94 and 95:
6 HUMAN PRESSURES ON BIODIVERSITY A
Page 96 and 97:
Table 6.1.1. Catch range during the
Page 98 and 99:
Baltic herring trawling, Bothnian B
Page 100 and 101:
6.1.3 Major international framework
Page 102 and 103:
100 Oil turnover (millions of tonne
Page 104 and 105:
NOx emissions and sewage Macrophyte
Page 106 and 107:
Communication links There are a num
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 6.3.3. Left: concrete-stone
Page 110 and 111:
ecommendations would contribute to
Page 112 and 113:
Tourist fishing 110 cial fishery fo
Page 114 and 115:
112 Figure 6.5.1. Integrated classi
Page 116 and 117:
can be considered as having been a
Page 118 and 119:
Although no direct, dramatic mass m
Page 120 and 121:
Bearing in mind the complex hydrogr
Page 122 and 123:
Box 6.7.1. Invasion status of the B
Page 124 and 125:
Table 6.7.1. Examples of ecological
Page 126 and 127:
munities that formerly consisted of
Page 128 and 129:
6.8.2 Activities generating noise i
Page 130 and 131:
128 and fish in the Baltic Sea area
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800 700 600 bag of the two German B
Page 134 and 135:
Fish swarm on kelp (Laminaria sp.)
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tion of ice cover, either through r
Page 138 and 139:
7 STATUS OF THE NETWORK OF MARINE A
Page 140 and 141:
Box 7.1. Natura 2000 network of pro
Page 142 and 143:
25 20 on how the criteria on ecolog
Page 144 and 145:
estrial, nearshore marine, and offs
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144 >30 psu 18-30 psu 11-18 psu 7.5
Page 148 and 149:
Permission needed Restricted Forbid
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 7.8.a. MARXAN ’best portfo
Page 152 and 153:
The BSPA network is relatively well
Page 154 and 155:
Mammals. Among the mammals, the pop
Page 156 and 157:
154 taxonomic groups and communitie
Page 158 and 159:
156 provided by an ecosystem. Use o
Page 160 and 161:
158 Reduction of human pressures Wh
Page 162 and 163:
160 fishing on fish population dyna
Page 164 and 165:
162 Baden, S., Boström, C. (2001).
Page 166 and 167:
164 Season 2001-2002. Acta Zoologic
Page 168 and 169:
166 Gasiūnaitė, Z.R., Cardoso, A.
Page 170 and 171:
168 HELCOM & OSPAR (2003): Joint HE
Page 172 and 173:
170 ICES (2008c). Report of the Bal
Page 174 and 175:
172 area: density-dependent effects
Page 176 and 177:
174 Noer, H., Clausager, I., Asferg
Page 178 and 179:
176 Scheffer M., Carpenter S.R., Fo
Page 180 and 181:
178 by passive acoustic monitoring.
Page 182 and 183:
180 Warzaw, Poland Vilhunen, Jarmo,
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182 6.7 Alien speices Authors: Lepp
Page 186 and 187:
ANNEX III: CONSERVATION STATUS OF T
Page 188 and 189:
ANNEX IV: HABITAT OR SPECIES DISTRI
Page 190:
ANNEX V: STATUS OF BREEDING AND WIN
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BSEP116B Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea - Helcom

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