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EARTHQUAKES 2006 IRIS 5-YEAR PROPOSAL The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004 Thorne Lay, Steven N. Ward • University of California, Santa Cruz Hiroo Kanamori • California Institute of Technology Charles J. Ammon • The Pennsylvania State University Meredith Nettles, Goran Ekstrom • Harvard University Richard C. Aster, Susan L. Bilek • New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Susan L. Beck • University of Arizona Michael R. Brudzinski, Heather R. DeShon • University of Wisconsin, Madison Rhett Butler • IRIS Consortium Kenji Satake • Geology Survey of Japan Stuart Sipkin • U.S. Geological Survey An overview of the tectonics and faulting process of the 26 December 2004 rupture and its tsunamigensis is presented. This earthquake is the largest event in the world in 40 years, and produced the most devastating tsunami in recorded history. Slip during the 10 minute-long rupture along the plate boundary varied systematically toward the north, decreasing from about 15 m near Banda Aceh to only a meter or two near the Andaman Islands. It appears that additional, slower slip occurred in the northern portion of the Regional tectonic map of the 2004 earthquake, showing earthquakes with magnitudes > 5.0 from 1965 to 25 December 2004. The arrows indicate the relative plate motions between the Indian and Eurasian plates for model NUVEL-1. The location of prior large events in the area are shown. rupture zone, possibly on a time-scale of one hour or more. This is indicated by modeling of the ocean surface displacements observed by the JASON altimeter. The overall energy release of the earthquake is measured at 1.1 x10 18 J. The seismic moment is 0.65-1.0 x 10 23 N-m, with some uncertainty being due to weak constraint on the dip of the fault segments along the rupture. An increasing component of obliquity in the slip is found along-strike. The rupture extended about 1300 km from the epicenter, and an additional 300 km of the fault boundary failed in the March 28, 2005 earthquake. Effective source strength for normal modes and Rayleigh waves for the 2004 event, obtained from GSN observations. Lay, T., et. al., The Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004, Science, 308, 1127-1133, 2005. Supported by NSF grants EAR-0125595, EAR-0337495, EAR-0207608, and Cooperative Agreement EAR-0004370. 16
2006 IRIS 5-YEAR PROPOSAL EARTHQUAKES Rupture Process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Charles J. Ammon • The Pennsylvania State University Chen Ji, Vala Hjorleifsdottir, Hiroo Kanamori, Don Helmberger • California Institute of Technology Hong Kie Thio, Gene Ichinose • URS Corporation David Robinson, Shamita Das • University of Oxford Sidao Ni • Chinese Academy of Science Thorne Lay • University of California, Santa Cruz Jascha Polet • University of California, Santa Barbara David Wald • U.S. Geological Survey An extensive data set of broadband body wave and surface wave observations from IRIS GSN stations is used to constrain the rupture process of the 26 December 2004 rupture. The rupture initiated slowly, with small slip and a slow rupture speed for the first 40 to 60 seconds. Then the rupture expanded at a speed of about 2.5 km/s toward the north northwest, extending 1200 to 1300 km along the Andaman trough. Peak displacements reached about 15 m along a 600-km segment of the plate boundary offshore of northwestern Sumatra and the southern Nicobar islands. Slip was less in the northern 400 to 500 kilometers of the aftershock zone, and at least some slip in that region may have occurred on a time scale beyond the seismic band. (A) Fault slip 168s after rupture initiation estimated by using 20 azimuthally distributed teleseismic SH waveforms. The rupture model consists of two faults, the first having a strike of 329° and a dip of 8° and the second having a strike of 333° and a dip of 7°. (B) Slip distribution from analysis of intermediate period surface waves and long-period seismograms. While small-scale features are averaged out, this model provides an excellent fit to all long period seismic observations for the event. (C) Slip distribution obtained using teleseismic body waves (50 to 200 s), intermediate period three component regional waves (50 to 500 s) and long-period teleseismic waves (250 to 2000 s). Ammon, C., et. al., Rupture process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, Science, 308, 1133-1139, 2005. Supported by NSF grants EAR-0125595, EAR-0337491. 17
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