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Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study Box 4.5. Non-state actor CVA capacity needs • Advocacy and engagement: This can depend on factors such as: (i) communication, networking and policy influencing skills; (ii) capacity to engage with community or informal organisations that represent the interests of poor or marginalised groups; (iii) the openness and capacity of public officials/institutions to engage, and on which issues; and (iv) the existence of formal or informal mechanisms for engagement. • Knowledge/awareness of regulations, rights and entitlements: Awareness of formal rights and entitlements is a precondition for exercising them but this knowledge may be restricted to certain groups or awareness of particular type of entitlements may be more widespread than others. Citizens also need to be aware of what channels and mechanisms are available through which they can express their voice or demands. • Capacity to participate in political processes: Individuals or organisations may be aware of their rights and entitlements and have sufficient resources and skills but lack the necessary political capacity or power to act upon these. This may be because the political environment is not conducive to the expression of CVA (e.g. it is repressive or horizontal accountability institutions are weak) or because formal rights/rules are in tension with dominant social-cultural norms (e.g. those based on relations of hierarchy/exclusion). Source: Foresti et al, 2007. “Evaluation of Citizens’ Voice and Accountability: Evaluation Framework”, London, ODI, August Strategies for advocacy and engagement are a key element of civil society activity in Bangladesh and are an important area for donor capacity building interventions. This type of capacity building takes two forms: (i) direct capacity building of civil society; and (ii) funding to third party NGOs who have a capacity building mandate. There is a stronger donor emphasis on the second form of intervention because of the tradition of social mobilization in Bangladesh, with many NGOs engaged in strategies of social mobilization with targeted population groups. Social mobilization implies a process of bridging awareness – raising to organisation and agency. It is generally facilitated by outside agents (by ‘mobilisers’, ‘animators’ or ‘field organisers’). Rupantar, “We Can” and Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) are active in this field, building networks of citizens and local organisations. They achieve this by building local awareness of largely externally generated agendas and providing forums for mutual support and combined action around these at different tiers of the power structure. They are organisations that often combine local level advocacy and watchdog functions. Building knowledge and awareness of regulations, rights and entitlements often goes hand in hand with non-state actor capacity building in Bangladesh. Through a strategy of funding NGOs with a capacity building mandate, donors have helped to create the precondition for effective advocacy by civil society actors. 22
Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study 4.3 CVA channels: Actors and mechanisms Channels for CVA are defined by a combination of actors and mechanisms (see Box 4.6) through which: • individuals express their voice or demands and are able to hold the state to account • states are responsive to citizens’ voice and, ultimately, accountable to the public. All CVA channels are defined by the function they perform and include formal and informal organisations, modes of expression and public fora, legal mechanisms such as courts as well as informal processes for expressing complaints and seeking redress. These channels can be situated within either the state or society. Box 4.6. Actors and mechanisms Actors include all the different agents, individuals, organisations, collectives, movements, institutions, informal groups which can play an active role in support of CVA, whether from within or outside the state sector. Mechanisms refer to the concrete rules, processes and procedures (the “rules of the game”) – both formal and informal - which allow (i) citizens to ensure that their voices are not just heard but “recorded” and acted upon and (ii) states to exercise their accountability to citizens. Source: Foresti et al, 2007. “Evaluation of Citizens’ Voice and Accountability: Evaluation Framework”, London, ODI, August The CVA evaluation considered the following questions: • How effective are donors at engaging/supporting different channels for citizens’ voice? What is the balance between working to support different actors and to support concrete accountability mechanisms? • What is the balance between state and non-state actors supported by donors and at what level (national/local)? • What kind of non-state actors are supported by donors and how? How do donors decide which organisations to engage/support in their CVA interventions? In particular, what kind of CSOs are supported (or not) by donors? • How effective are donors at engaging with ‘non-traditional’ channels, including those situated within political society (such as political parties or parliaments), organised interests groups (such as professional organisations) and community or faith-based groups? What factors facilitate or constrain engagement with these groups? • To what extent are there synergies between the channels for voice and the mechanisms for accountability? What are the factors that improve such synergy? Are there tensions between efforts to support voice and those aiming to strengthen accountability? • How effective are donors at engaging with informal channels, including those that may sit outside formal structures (such as traditional authorities) or those that are ad hoc (such as social movements and innovative spaces)? • How do donors ensure that they are engaging with different groups (rural, women, children, minorities, refugees and the extremely poor), as well as reaching marginalised or excluded individuals within these groups? 23
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Development partner Strategic inten
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IV Relevant Primary and Secondary d
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II: Overall Assessment of Intervent
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Impact According to the 2007 Impact
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Model of change Assumptions Activit
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D.8. Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramic Fed
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Effectiveness BSSF provides 22 trai
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. Model of change Assumptions Activ
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D.9. Rupantar Grassroots Women’s
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Impact Phase 1 resulted in a cadre
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Figure 1. Rupantar CVA Model of Cha
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.10. Samata - Empowerment Through
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Lessons Learned Important lessons l
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.11. GTZ brokered dialogue within
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Sustainability GTZ feels that the f
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Annex F. Summary of Stakeholder Deb
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