Bangladesh - Belgium

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Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study DAC Criteria Relevant questions in relation to CVA Impact • What are the key achievements of V&A interventions in terms of policy, practice and behaviour change? • To what extent are these related to outputs and direct results (i.e. capacity building, channels and mechanisms • What are the intended/envisaged pathways from V&A outcomes to broader development outcomes such as poverty reduction and governance? Sustainability • How likely is it that outputs supported by V&A interventions will be sustained? • What actions/conditions have been put in place to sustain changes in channels and mechanisms for voice and accountability in the future? • Will positive changes be difficult to reverse? • Are capacities supported by V&A interventions likely to be sustained and result in sustained improvements in V&A over time? Analysis of Donors effectiveness An assessment of donors’ effectiveness based on the principles of the Paris Declaration was undertaken, using the three principles suggested in the ODI Methodological Guidelines; harmonisation, ownership and mutual accountability. Final stakeholders workshop A half day workshop with those stakeholders involved in the initial inception workshop as well as staff of case study projects was facilitated to share the main findings of the evaluation with the stakeholders involved and draw joint conclusions from the study. A power-point presentation of the interventions and findings was made by the research team. Following this, small groups were convened around the following questions: Break-out Group Donor Group Govt Group Civil Society Group Break-out group questions and summary of discussion How coherent is the donor theory of change about CVA in Bangladesh? Is the total effect of donor activity in CVA more than the sum of the parts? How does the donor concern with poverty reduction/MDGs impact on their CVA interventions? How can government reform itself towards enhanced CVA? Are we witnessing an emergence of a “citizenship culture” in Bangladesh and have the donors played a role in this? In accordance with DAC Standards on ethics (Standard 7) the anonymity of some respondents has been preserved particularly around issues related to the current political context. Thus, there are some comments in Annex C Context Analysis which are not attributed. Only those interviewees who agreed to be quoted have been acknowledged. 60
Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study Annex C. Context analysis The literature review and intervention analysis undertaken by ODI suggests that the context is crucial for understanding and hence assessing CVA (ODI Evaluation Framework, August 2007). The Methodological Guidance thus requires ‘a thorough analysis of the socio-political and economic context ‘as an important benchmark for assessing the relevance of CV and A interventions in the specific context where they take place’ Thus the main purpose of the context analysis is to consider the linkages (or lack of them) between CVA interventions and the political and socio-economic context where they take place’. C.1. Political and institutional framework Legal framework Bangladesh’s Constitution (1972) guarantees protection of basic human rights, including freedom of assembly and expression. Bangladesh has ratified all the major International treaties related to human rights. The Bangladeshi legal system is regarded as inefficient and lacks accountability. It has been accused of politicisation and corruption. The Constitution calls for the independence of the Judiciary but the lower courts (until end of 2007) have operated under the control of the Executive who decide on appointments, transfers, and promotion of lower court judges and magistrates. The High Court and Supreme Court have also been tarnished by partisan politics as appointments have been traditionally made by the President along party lines. Several attempts to separate the Judiciary by successive governments made little progress due to lack of political will, and despite a 1999 Supreme Court ruling. Progress on this has finally been made under the current Caretaker Government Article 39 (2) of the Constitution confirms “a) the right of every citizen to freedom of speech and expression and b) freedom of the press are guaranteed.” However, there remain serious issues with regard to rights to information. The Official Secrets Act (1923), the Evidence Act (1872), Penal Code (1860), Government Servants (Conduct) Act (1979) the Code of Criminal Procedure (1960), the Rules of Business (1996) and the Oath of Secrecy are all laws which restrict people's rights of access to information. Article 19 of the Government Servants (Conduct) Act says: “A government servant shall not, unless generally or specially empowered by the government in this behalf, disclose directly or indirectly to government servants belonging to other Ministries, Divisions or Departments, or to non-official persons or to the Press, the contents of any official document or communicate any information which has come into his possession in the course of his official duties, or has been prepared or collected by him in the course of those duties, whether from official sources or otherwise.” This Oath has effectively blocked any forms of disclosure. In 2002, the Law Commission drafted a Rights to Information Act but this has never been processed for enactment. Currently, a national movement comprising several civil society organisations and networks is actively demanding for the right to information. The legal framework for participation is outlined in the Constitution as essentially the right to vote in five yearly national and local elections. The 1991, 1996 and 2001 National elections were regarded by international observers as ‘free and fair’ and are presided over by the Election Commission. Other provisions for public consultation and inclusion in decision making bodies are largely recommendations rather than legally binding. At the lowest level of local government (Union Parishad (UP)), there are such provisions (see section on local government below) but as UPs are dependent on central government and local elite for financial support there is little incentive to encourage citizen participation. 61
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IV Relevant Primary and Secondary d
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II: Overall Assessment of Intervent
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Impact According to the 2007 Impact
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Model of change Assumptions Activit
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D.8. Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramic Fed
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Effectiveness BSSF provides 22 trai
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. Model of change Assumptions Activ
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D.9. Rupantar Grassroots Women’s
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Impact Phase 1 resulted in a cadre
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Figure 1. Rupantar CVA Model of Cha
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.10. Samata - Empowerment Through
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Lessons Learned Important lessons l
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.11. GTZ brokered dialogue within
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Sustainability GTZ feels that the f
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Annex F. Summary of Stakeholder Deb
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