Bangladesh - Belgium

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Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study programming are not all due to the ‘more with less’ principle, organisations themselves want to ‘get their hands on the whole pot of money’ (for survival, sustainability, empire building and resource capture reasons) and competition for scarce funds and well as deep-seated suspicion of working with others and poor culture of co-operation (referred to by interviewees as ‘ego culture’) means they prefer this. It is unlikely to be the most effective way to promote CVA. • Unnecessarily big funds encourage spending on physical plant, e.g. village resource centres, meeting places when there are plenty of unused or underutilised buildings, or better use can be made of UP complexes or schools for demand-side as well as demand-supply interface interventions. Too much money can lead to un-strategic and unsustainable interventions. While direct budget support can arguably bring about CVA through conditionality approaches, much can be achieved – arguably with greater ownership and more sustainably – with very little infusion of money. 40
Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study 6 Recommendations Harmonisation provides an opportunity for donors to develop a coherent theory (or theories) of change on enhancing CVA, with an accompanying strategy and set of interventions. These interventions need not reduce the scope for imaginative thinking but should cohere around an understanding of: (i) the need to address capabilities and entry points for voice; (ii) the need to address capabilities, incentives and sanctions for responsiveness; and (iii) the need to tackle the opportunity structure for CVA (this means being more transparent about strategic assumptions regarding the link between micro and macro level). We recommend that donors use the Local Consultative Group on Governance to discuss and agree on coherent theory/ies of change. To avoid duplication and problems associated with attribution when many actors are working in the same geographic and thematic areas, donors should request fundees to regularly undertake surveillance of their operating microenvironment (internal and external) and actively search for alliances and minimise duplication. The findings suggest that voice is primarily supported through NGO interventions which are relatively risk-free 29 , urban–centric and supportive of a somewhat common ideology. If donors are serious about supporting diverse (and dissenting) voices and contributing to a vibrant civil society 30 then they will have to be creative about funding. The current requirements of “projectisation” put pressure on organisations to meet targets and prove impact which is not always appropriate for CVA interventions, particularly in the initial stages. Furthermore it places less knowledgeable actors (groups other than NGOs) at a disadvantage. MJF (DFID’s window for voice interventions) does not fund organisations which are not registered NGOs or research bodies as it is set up primarily to fund ‘projects’. Taking just one example, social movements in Bangladesh which are historically situated and which have grown “organically” are not necessarily suited to a logframe straightjacket of inputs and outputs. Neither are they automatically well suited to having loads of money thrown at them. Indeed some of the most effective movements are resource light. The answer here is perhaps not to “over-design” interventions that support CVA movements and processes. Perhaps the OXFAM approach with “We Can” is a good example of how this can work. There are many informal groups, temporary issuebased groups, faith-based groups and political groups which are part of the fabric of a pluralistic society. Most of these have little hope of accessing funds either because they are unregistered, too small or too “risky”. Donors should find ways to ensure a level playing field in terms of voice to include formal/informal organisations, big voices/little voices, mainstream and unconventional voices. Possibilities lie in providing funds for public access resources, such as online toolkits for mounting local and national level advocacy, databases of alternative financial resources (both national and international so that they can seek funds beyond the traditional bilateral donors) and data base of citizen entitlements, resources on negotiating and other communication skills and generic civic education. There are models for such interventions in other countries and with the rapid spread of access to internet, such investments could have significant reach. In addition, donors should consider funding processes and platforms which can be opened up to more diverse voices. To address the idea that voice is valuable in its own right and the study finding that funding is often too inflexible 31 , donors might consider providing open-ended funding without trying to control and measure implementation (inputs-outputs) and 29 As opposed to support for Trade Unions, social and political movements. 30 One defined by participants of the Inception workshop as accommodating many voices. 31 Does not allow for changed context, opportunistic moments, time needed for behaviour change. 41
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IV Relevant Primary and Secondary d
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II: Overall Assessment of Intervent
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Impact According to the 2007 Impact
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Model of change Assumptions Activit
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D.8. Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramic Fed
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Effectiveness BSSF provides 22 trai
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. Model of change Assumptions Activ
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D.9. Rupantar Grassroots Women’s
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Impact Phase 1 resulted in a cadre
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Figure 1. Rupantar CVA Model of Cha
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.10. Samata - Empowerment Through
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Lessons Learned Important lessons l
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.11. GTZ brokered dialogue within
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Sustainability GTZ feels that the f
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Annex F. Summary of Stakeholder Deb
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Bangladesh - Belgium

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