Bangladesh - Belgium

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Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study Indicator 2006 percentile rank Cf 2006 percentile rank India Cf 2006 percentile rank Pakistan Comment (by authors) Political stability and absence of violence Government effectiveness Regulatory quality 8.7 22.1 4.8 Deteriorating-but this last measure made in 2006, which was particularly tumultuous 23.7 54 34.1 Worsening 20.0 48.3 38.5 Slight improvement since 2002 Rule of law 22.9 57.1 24.3 Worsening Control of 4.9 52.9 18 Poor and worsening corruption Data from http://www.developmentdata.org/governance.htm Corruption A United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report noted that corruption is taking a heavy toll on the Bangladesh economy, causing hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of loss in terms of unrealized investment and income (Mustafa, 1997). The report pointed out: "If Bangladesh were to improve the integrity and efficiency of its bureaucracy, its investment would rise by more than five percentage points and its yearly GDP rate would rise by over half a percentage point" (Mustafa, 1997). Transparency International placed Bangladesh at the bottom of the corruption table (Corruption Perception Index) for four years running from 2002 -5. Economic structures and institutions The economy of Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable economies in the world characterized by an extremely high population density, low resource base, high incidence of natural disasters, and persistent socio-political instability, especially during the initial years following Independence. 46 Through the 1980s and beyond, observers, infused with “economic pessimism” characterised Bangladesh as a country unable to make the transition to modernity. In recent years this pessimism has given way to a recognition that Bangladesh is now a lead performer amongst LDCs, graduating into the league of “medium human development” according to the UNDP. Per capita GDP has been growing at an extremely healthy rate of 6-7% (compared to 1.6% in the 1980s and 3% in the 1990s) and recent figures show a significant drop in poverty incidence. This performance has been aided by a shift to a more “market responsive” economy, built on macroeconomic stability, democratic governance, a growing emphasis on private sector growth as the engine of the economy, liberalisation and outward orientation. 46 Sen B, M K Mujeri, and Q Shahabuddin (2004). “Operationalising Pro Poor Growth: A Case Study on Bangladesh”, unpublished, October. Available at http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/oppgbangladesh.pdf. 66
Citizens’ Voice and Accountability Evaluation – Bangladesh Country Case Study Private sector growth in Bangladesh has had a transforming effect on economic opportunities, particularly for women. While remaining primarily an agrarian economy, relying on large-scale subsistence farming, Bangladesh’s non-tradeable (construction, services and small scale industry) and tradeable sectors (manufacturing and fisheries) have grown rapidly in recent years. The rapid growth in tradeable manufactures has dramatically transformed the labour market by bringing huge numbers of women into the non-traditional garment sector. Observers note the beginnings of a social transformation taking place, with social and gendered hierarchies under the traditional rural economy beginning to break down as economic modernisation and diversification take hold. Bangladesh faces a number of serious challenges, however, as a result of rapid economic growth, population growth and urbanisation. 47 It is estimated that the population may be 200 million by 2035, and 240 million by 2050, in a country the size of UK. In 2005 it was estimated that 35 million people (25% of the population) lived in urban areas. This could rise to 80 million by 2030. Dhaka will be among the world’s largest mega cities, with major implications for social and economic infrastructure needs as well as urban governance. Certainly, Bangladesh has sustained good growth rates, and seen poverty reduced significantly, over the past decade or so. However, growth has not benefited all equally: income growth of the poorest Bangladeshis is significantly lower than that of the richest, and these differences are particularly stark in urban areas. Some 40% of the population lives on less than $1 a day; and 83% on less than $2 a day. Almost 20 million (over 7%) are extreme poor, living on less than $0.3 a day. Table C.2. Selected Economic Indicators Indicator/year ‘96 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 GDP growth % 4.62 5.27 4.42 5,62 6.27 5.96 6.71 Manufacturing 6.41 6.68 5.48 6.75 7.10 8.19 10.45 growth % Industrial growth % 6.98 7.44 6,53 7.26 7,60 8.28 9.56 Agricultural growth 3.10 3.14 0.01 3,08 4.09 2.21 4.49 % Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) inflow US $mill 14 79 53 268 460 800 - There is a general consensus among the major political parties that Bangladesh should be a market-based democracy. C.2. Mapping and key features of main actors Political parties There are approximately 40 registered political parties in Bangladesh but the most influential are the Bangladesh National Party (BNP), the Awami league (AL), Jatiya Party (JP) and the Jamaat-e- Islami Party. The Communist Party (Jatiyo Samjtranick Dal) has a relatively small following but is forceful. 47 DFID (2007). “Country Fact Sheet”, Dhaka, DFID Bangladesh, December. Available at http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/bangladesh_factsheet.pdf. 67
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IV Relevant Primary and Secondary d
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II: Overall Assessment of Intervent
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Impact According to the 2007 Impact
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Model of change Assumptions Activit
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D.8. Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramic Fed
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Effectiveness BSSF provides 22 trai
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. Model of change Assumptions Activ
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D.9. Rupantar Grassroots Women’s
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Impact Phase 1 resulted in a cadre
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Figure 1. Rupantar CVA Model of Cha
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.10. Samata - Empowerment Through
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Lessons Learned Important lessons l
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Table 2. Most significant change an
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D.11. GTZ brokered dialogue within
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Sustainability GTZ feels that the f
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Project (Donor) Partners/ PIUs Inte
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Annex F. Summary of Stakeholder Deb
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