Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and ... - always yours

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Forging 281 7. Pneumatic riveting machine 8. Layout of smithy or forging shop. 5 Sketch and describe the following forging tools (i) Anvil. (ii) Swage Block, (iii) Set hammers (iv) Punches, (v) Drift, and (vi) Hardie 6 Explain with neat sketches the following forging operations: (i) Upsetting, (ii) Drawing down, (iii) Bending, (iv) Drifting, (v) Punching, (vi) Welding (vii) Fullering 7 Describe press forging. How does it differ from drop forging? 8 Describe in brief the various types of forgings? 9 Explain in brief the defects in forging? 10 Why heat treatment is necessary for forging? 11 What are the main considerations in designing a forging? 12 Explain in brief the various safety precautions associated with the forging shop?
282 Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology 15 CHAPTER HOT WORKING OF METALS 15.1 METAL FORMING Metal forming is also known as mechanical working of metals. Metal forming operations are frequently desirable either to produce a new shape or to improve the properties of the metal. Shaping in the solid state may be divided into non-cutting shaping such as forging, rolling, pressing, etc., and cutting shaping such as the machining operations performed on various machine tools. Non-cutting or non machining shaping processes are referred to as mechanical working processes. It means an intentional and permanent deformation of metals plastically beyond the elastic range of the material. The main objectives of metal working processes are to provide the desired shape and size, under the action of externally applied forces in metals. Such processes are used to achieve optimum mechanical properties in the metal and reduce any internal voids or cavities present and thus make the metal dense. Metals are commonly worked by plastic deformation because of the beneficial effect that is imparted to the mechanical properties by it. The necessary deformation in a metal can be achieved by application of mechanical force only or by heating the metal and then applying a small force. The impurities present in the metal are thus get elongated with the grains and in the process get broken and dispersed through out the metal. This also decreases the harmful effect of the impurities and improves the mechanical strength. This plastic deformation of a metal takes place when the stress caused in the metal, due to the applied forces reaches the yield point. The two common phenomena governing this plastic deformation of a metal are (a) deformation by slip and (b) deformation by twin formation. In the former case it is considered that each grain of a metal is made of a number of unit cells arranged in a number of planes, and the slip or deformation of metal takes place along that slip plane which is subjected to the greatest shearing stress on account of the applied forces. In the latter case, deformation occurs along two parallel planes, which move diagonally across the unit cells. These parallel planes are called twinning planes and the portion of the grains covered between them is known as twinned region. On the macroscopic scale, when plastic deformation occurs, the metal appears to flow in the solid state along specific directions, which are dependent on the processing and the direction of applied forces. The crystals or grains of the metal get elongated in the direction of metal flow. However this flow of metal can be easily be seen under microscope after polishing and suitable etching of the metal surface. The visible lines are called fibre flow lines. The above deformations may be carried out at room temperature or higher temperatures. At higher temperatures the deformation is faster because the bond 282
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PREFACE Manufacturing and workshop
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1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUC
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Introduction 3 material into finish
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1.7.3 Metal Forming Processes Intro
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Introduction 7 security procedures
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Introduction 9 FMS and Computer Int
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Introduction 11 towards economic an
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Introduction 13 capabilities of the
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Introduction 15 particular applicat
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2 CHAPTER PLANT AND SHOP LAYOUT 2.1
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Plant and Shop Layout 19 5. Working
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Plant and Shop Layout 21 according
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Plant and Shop Layout 23 5. Better
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Plant and Shop Layout 25 7. Machine
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28 Introduction to Basic Manufactur
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Non-Ferrous Materials 77 impurities
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Non-Ferrous Materials 79 It is made
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Applications Non-Ferrous Materials
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Non-Ferrous Materials 83 5.3.1.8 Gi
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Non-Ferrous Materials 85 springs, h
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5.4.2 Nickel Alloys Non-Ferrous Mat
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5.5 LEAD Non-Ferrous Materials 89 L
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Applications Non-Ferrous Materials
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Non-Ferrous Materials 93 (iv) (v) C
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Non-Ferrous Materials 95 produced i
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Non-Ferrous Materials 97 polymers,
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Non-Ferrous Materials 99 vessel mat
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Binocular Body Non-Ferrous Material
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Melting Furnaces 103 2. Steel (a) E
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Melting Furnaces 105 Blower Stove B
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1. Well Melting Furnaces 107 The sp
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Melting Furnaces 109 operations. In
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Melting Furnaces 111 The chemical c
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Melting Furnaces 113 Firing Door Fi
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Melting Furnaces 115 20 What is ref
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4. Specific Gravity Porperties and
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Porperties and Testing of Metals 11
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12. Creep Porperties and Testing of
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7.5 QUESTIONS Porperties and Testin
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Heat Treatment 131 (b) Movable type
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Heat Treatment 133 steels, in iron
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8.6.1.2 Ferrite Heat Treatment 135
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Heat Treatment 137 1. Normalizing 2
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Annealing is of two types (a) (b) P
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Heat Treatment 141 Sudden cooling o
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Heat Treatment 143 of temperature a
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Advantages of Aus-Tempering Heat Tr
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Heat Treatment 147 carbon steel is
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Heat Treatment 149 In the induction
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Heat Treatment 151 6. Write short n
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Carpentry 153 heartwood, sapwood, p
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Carpentry 155 The proper time of cu
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Carpentry 157 9.5 DEFECTS IN TIMBER
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9.8 FACTORS INFLUENCING TIMBER SELE
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Albumen glue Carpentry 161 It is pr
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Carpentry 163 The steel blade and m
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Carpentry 165 Jaw Clamp Trigger for
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Crosscut Saw Carpentry 167 Cross cu
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Jointer Plane Carpentry 169 When a
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Carpentry 171 pattern making and wh
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Forstner bits These are used for bo
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Pincer Carpentry 175 Pincers are co
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Carpentry 177 2. Circular Saw A cir
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10 CHAPTER PATTERN AND CORE MAKING
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Pattern and Core Making 181 quality
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Pattern and Core Making 183 Disadva
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3. Cope and drag pattern Pattern an
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Pattern and Core Making 187 11. Seg
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Pattern and Core Making 189 density
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Pattern and Core Making 191 Core bo
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5. Back saw 6. Panel saw 7. Miter s
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Pattern and Core Making 195 16. Pro
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11 CHAPTER FOUNDRY TOOLS AND EQUIPM
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Strike off bar Foundry Tools and Eq
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Foundry Tools and Equipments 201 Fi
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Foundry Tools and Equipments 203 re
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11.4.2 Classification of Moulding M
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Foundry Tools and Equipments 207 5.
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12.3 CONSTITUENTS OF MOLDING SAND M
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Mold and Core Making 211 some speci
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12.4.7 Parting sand Mold and Core M
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Mold and Core Making 215 increased
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12.6. 5 Strength Test Mold and Core
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Mold and Core Making 219 Balanced t
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Mold and Core Making 221 mixture we
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Mold and Core Making 223 Molding sa
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5. Runner Mold and Core Making 225
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12.12 ROLE OF RISER IN SAND CASTING
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12.15 CORE SAND Mold and Core Makin
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Page 244 and 245: 13 CHAPTER CASTING 13.1 INTRODUNCTI
Page 246 and 247: Casting 243 gravity only and no ext
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Page 258 and 259: 16. Swells 1. Too soft ramming of m
Page 260 and 261: 13.12 QUESTIONS Casting 257 1. Desc
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Page 264 and 265: Advantages of forging Some common a
Page 266 and 267: Forging 263 on it. Forgeable metals
Page 268 and 269: 14.4.6 Open fire and stock fire fur
Page 270 and 271: Forging 267 10. The place of the me
Page 272 and 273: Forging 269 pickling in acid, shot
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Page 276 and 277: Shovel Forging 273 Shovel generally
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Page 282 and 283: 14.12 REMOVAL OF DEFECTS IN FORGING
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Page 288 and 289: Hot Working of Metals 285 4. Porosi
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Page 296 and 297: 16 CHAPTER COLD WORKING 16.1 INTROD
Page 298 and 299: 16.5 ADVANTAGES OF COLD WORKING Col
Page 300 and 301: Cold Working 297 Cold working proce
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Page 304 and 305: Cold Working 301 seaming and spinni
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17.7.1.2 Resistance Seam Welding We
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Welding 333 5. Surface of the jobs
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17.8.3 Explosive Welding Welding 33
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Welding 337 be scattered. This scat
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Welding 339 Porosity Fig. 17.31(iii
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Welding 341 (b) (c) Bad welding tec
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Welding 343 exceeding 450°C and be
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Welding 345 7. What effect does wel
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Welding 347 (i) Spot welding (ii) S
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1. Black Iron Sheet Sheet Metal Wor
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Sheet Metal Work 351 (g) Bossing ma
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Sheet Metal Work 353 10. Blow horn
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Sheet Metal Work 355 4. Trammel. Fi
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Sheet Metal Work 357 18.4 FOLDING T
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Sheet Metal Work 359 4. Hem (single
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Sheet Metal Work 361 moveable. When
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Sheet Metal Work 363 4. Blanking. I
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Fitting 365 scriber, semi-circular
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9. Miscellaneous Tools Fitting 367
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19.2.1.11 Surface Gauge or Scribing
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Fitting 371 machined true to keep t
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Fitting 373 the thimble the spindle
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19.2.3.3 Caliper Fitting 375 Calipe
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0 .44 1.5 Fitting 377 12mm 0 5 1015
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Fitting 379 Scriber Spirit-level Sq
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Fitting 381 4. Ring gauge 5. Snap g
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19.2.4.1.3 Universal swivel base ma
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Fitting 385 (A) Type of Cut The mos
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Fitting 387 1. Hand file 2. Flat fi
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Fitting 389 Hand drill Pneumatic dr
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S h a n k D ia Fitting 391 in Fig.
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19.2.7.1 Pliers Fitting 393 Pliers
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Fitting 395 graded from fine to coa
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20 CHAPTER METAL CUTTING 20.1 INTRO
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Metal Cutting 399 turning, facing a
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(vii) Nose radius Metal Cutting 401
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Metal Cutting 403 Continuous chip D
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Metal Cutting 405 20.7 QUESTIONS 1.
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Lathe Machine 407 2. Centre or engi
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Lathe Machine 409 1. Bed 2. Head st
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Lathe Machine 411 1. End of bed gea
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Lathe Machine 413 It is rotated by
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Lathe Machine 415 (b) Operations wh
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Lathe Machine 417 Job Feed lever To
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Lathe Machine 419 longitudinal and
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Lathe Machine 421 22.12 QUESTIONS 1
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Drilling Machine 423 5. Feed handle
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Drilling Machine 425 feeding the dr
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Number sizes Drilling Machine 427 I
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Drilling Machine 429 the main cutti
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Drilling Machine 431 22.5.4 Counter
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22.7 CUTTING SPEED Drilling Machine
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Shaper, Planer and Slotter 435 take
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Shaper, Planer and Slotter 437 the
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Shaper, Planer and Slotter 439 work
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23.8 SHAPER OPERATIONS Shaper, Plan
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Shaper, Planer and Slotter 443 a st
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Shaper, Planer and Slotter 445 Ram
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24 CHAPTER MILLING 24.1 INTRODUCTIO
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24.4 TYPES OF MILLING CUTTERS Milli
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Milling 451 2. Planer milling machi
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Front brace Milling 453 It is an ex
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Face milling Milling 455 Fig. 24.9(
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Milling 457 A B Straddle milling (m
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25.2.1 Production of Metal Powders
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Particle shape Powder Metallurgy 46
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Powder Metallurgy 463 3. The dimens
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25.6 QUESTIONS Powder Metallurgy 46
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Inspection and Quality Control 467
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26.3.7 Fundamental Deviation Inspec
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INDEX A A feeler gauge 381 Abrasive
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Index 477 Cartridge brass 81 Case h
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Index 479 Core sand preparation 230
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Index 481 First aid 30, 39, 41, 49,
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Index 483 High speed steels 62, 66,
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Index 485 Mechanical properties 116
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Index 487 Pattern construction 195
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Index 489 Role of riser 227 Roll fo
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Index 491 Surface cleaning process
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Index 493 W Water seasoning 156 Wax
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