Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and ... - always yours

52 Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology
melting or sintering two or more metals or metals and a non-metal, together. Alloys may
consist of two more components. Metals and alloys are further classified into two major kind
namely ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.
(a) Ferrous metals are those which have the iron as their main constituent, such as
pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron and steels.
(b) Non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as their main
constituent, such as copper, aluminium, brass, bronze, tin, silver zinc, invar etc.
Engineering Materials
Metallic Materials
Non-metallic Materials
Ferrous Non-ferrous Organic Inorganic
Steels
Plain
Carbon
Alloy
Cast iron
Grey
White
Malleable
Ductile
Nodular
Alum inium
Copper
Magnesium
Tin
Zinc
Lead
Nickel and
their alloys
Plastics
Wood
Paper
Rubber
Leather
Petroleum
Minerals
Cement
Glass
Ceramics
Graphite
Fig. 4.1 Classification of engineering materials
4.3 FERROUS METALS
Ferrous metals are iron base metals which include all variety of pig iron, cast iron wrought
iron and steels. The ferrous metals are those which have iron as their main constituents. The
ferrous metals commonly used in engineering practice are cast iron, wrought iron, steel and
alloy steels. The basic principal raw material for all ferrous metals is pig iron which is
obtained by smelting iron ore, coke and limestone, in the blast furnace. The principal iron
ores with their metallic contents are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Types of Iron Ore
S.No. Iron ore Color Iron %
1. Haematite (Fe 3
O 4
) Red 70%
2. Magnetite (Fe 2
O 3
) Black 72%
3. Limonite Brown 62.5%
4. Siderite Brown 48%
4.3.1 Main Types of Iron
1. Pig iron
2. Cast iron