titus-larsen-titus-1981-apple-interfacing

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logic value of the bus is unknown. Whenever a logic zero is app to one of the bus buffer enable inputs, the selected buffer passes data onto the bus. The condition in which more than one buffer been enabled is not allowed, since bus conflicts will arise. All of the devices that are to be used with the Apple c.;v•uµutF'J system to transfer information to the CPU must have three-state o puts. Thus, even memory chips must have three-state outputs, they in fact do. The computer designer must be sure that the syst has been designed so that no two input devices are selected at t same time. If such a multiple selection takes place, improper ope tion of the computer occurs. Input ports that may be used to transfer information to the co puter are readily constructed using standard three-state integrat circuits. In most cases, eight individual three-state buffers are us one per bus line. In most cases, too, the enable inputs are all co nected in parallel, so that all eight buffers transfer their informati onto the bus simultaneously. In some cases, the common enabling i put is provided within the chip so that only a single pin on the chi is required for the control of all eight bits. There are many chips that may be used to construct input but only a few of them are general enough to warrant our cons11ae:ra, tion. The two main integrated circuits that will be used in our pies are the SN74365 and the SN74LS244, The SN74365 may also noted as the DM8095 (National Semiconductor Corp.), which is exact replacement. The pin configuration for these two chips shown in Fig. 3-9. You will note quickly that while the SN74LS244 has eight state buffers on one chip, the SN74365 has only six. If the device is used to construct an input port, two of the integrated packages must be used. A typical 8-bit input port is shown in 3-10. In this case, only two of the three-state buffers in the lower SN74365 chip have been used. Since the SN74365 contains built-in SN74lS365 ·· :'l-9. !>N74l!i2
R gates that control the enabling of the three-state buffers, these ve been used to gate the RD function pulse and the device adss, 49321. If the device select signal, RD 49321, had already been erated elsewhere in the interface circuit, it could be applied to e of the enable inputs on both chips, while the other enable inputs re grounded, or logic zero. This control scheme is shown in Fig. n. +5 GND 116 18 SN74365 INPUT PORT D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 DI DO 2 4 6 14 - 12 10 I '151 ,..-=- A GI G2 y 3 5 7 I3 11 9 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 02 DI .---- DO TO DATA BUS 2 4 .., .., .., .., I I5 lis ls +5 GND A GI G2 y 3 t--'---' t- t- I- I- Fig. 3-10. Typical input port constructed using SN74365 chips. ·· using such an input port, data values may be input to the comer through the use of the PEEK command, as shown in Example A = PEEK (4932 1) PRINT A Example 3-2. Data Input Program for Port 49321 I . ; G 15 G.:_ 1 .. __ - I SN74365 (ON BOTH CHIPS) 'r Fig. 3-11. Alternate control scheme for SN74365 three-state chips. 53
Page 1 and 2:
lJ. 21862 APPLE® INTERFACING JONAT
Page 3 and 4: APPLE® INTERFACING by Jonathan A.
Page 5 and 6: Preface The purpose in writing this
Page 7 and 8: make no attempt to provide much det
Page 9 and 10: Contents CHAPTER 1 6502 PROCESSOR 9
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 6502 Processor The Apple
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 1- 1. 6502 Microprocessor chip
Page 15 and 16: locate the memory "cell" that is to
Page 17 and 18: IR.,view At this point, you should
Page 19 and 20: Gei'!eral-fi!Jrp@S('; I/ 0 Commaru:
Page 21 and 22: of an examined memory location. Fro
Page 23 and 24: will now explore the actions that e
Page 25 and 26: transfers will require more than ei
Page 27 and 28: grams are probably easier to write
Page 29 and 30: ·when the Apple computer is progrn
Page 31 and 32: Y@bie ::!1. VNth i
Page 33 and 34: DECODED OUTPUT puter systems, the R
Page 35 and 36: 1 1 1 Using Decoders In many cases,
Page 37 and 38: used in PEEK commands, for example
Page 39 and 40: An alternate approach is to use bot
Page 41 and 42: sections, but the address inputs, A
Page 43 and 44: fUNCTlON TABLES COMPARING CASCADING
Page 45 and 46: flexible decoding scheme, as shown
Page 47 and 48: until the power is turned off. Ther
Page 49 and 50: the logic zero state. In most cases
Page 51 and 52: ue in sequence (in binary), 255, 25
Page 53: DATA BUS DATA A SN74125 DATA B DATA
Page 57 and 58: state of the unused bits cannot be
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 4 Flags and Decisions n alm
Page 61 and 62: VALUE 00111010 00011010 11110000 00
Page 63 and 64: •• Addrss Byte Da;a Syie Mexacl
Page 65 and 66: INPUT DEVICE RD 49321 - READY/BUSY
Page 67 and 68: INPUT DEVICE INPUT PORT Dl Dl ' D3
Page 69 and 70: y-language programming will also be
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 5 Breadboarding 01 With the
Page 73 and 74: 5 IN4001 (4) 6 ,.___'-'' N:...J LM3
Page 75 and 76: A15 AIO A13 Al2 Al4 All A9 AfJ D .L
Page 77 and 78: In the memory address mode, must pl
Page 79 and 80: PIN CONFIGURATION DJ, LOGIC DIAGRAM
Page 81 and 82: The actual ORing of these control s
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 5·10. Packaged version of the
Page 85 and 86: SIGNAL APPLE PfN INTERFACE PIN +12V
Page 87 and 88: ·.chips have rather slow access ti
Page 89 and 90: are possible, we think that one exp
Page 91 and 92: in most of the experiments unless o
Page 93 and 94: tep 3 You may wish to test other po
Page 95 and 96: ,..,,.,....,"'"' in the block from
Page 97 and 98: None of the outputs should be activ
Page 99 and 100: ---" 2 CLR 20 2 CK Si\17474 The dev
Page 101 and 102: entered and run, It first asks you
Page 103 and 104: +5 Gl\ID LOGIC SWITCHES A B c D 16
Page 105 and 106:
PR INT "O"; GOTO 65 If you wish to
Page 107 and 108:
am, and the two-byte decimal calcul
Page 109 and 110:
for each value that is input to the
Page 111 and 112:
of the monitor screen each time the
Page 113 and 114:
A = 128 420 B = PEEK(493 l 9) 430 F
Page 115 and 116:
il!!lie -2. 0 THEN . . .
Page 117 and 118:
program. You may forgotten steps to
Page 119 and 120:
The A output, RD 49319, has already
Page 121 and 122:
used the following program: FOR A =
Page 123 and 124:
· numbers would have to be "split"
Page 125 and 126:
tep 1 The input port and output por
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0'"""c"y'·i- the relative values t
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and output ports are simply additio
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e has been divided into 256 values,
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e converter will not burn out, sinc
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07 DATA BUS DO 3 4 7 a 13 14 17 18
Page 137 and 138:
each decade. The bed code is used i
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LED BIT RED } D3 YELLOW EL M D4 GRE
Page 141 and 142:
: : FOR T = 0 TO 770 NEX T T NEX T
Page 143 and 144:
Thus, by testing the value input fr
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he six LEDs should be removed from
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Yo'1 should be able to develop the
Page 149 and 150:
INPUT "LAST TWO DIGITS ";A$ IF A$ =
Page 151 and 152:
tfhe program first tests the reset
Page 153 and 154:
would you program the computer so t
Page 155 and 156:
Yes. Simply reverse the commands at
Page 157 and 158:
· computer to measure analog volta
Page 159 and 160:
he minimum value should be in the r
Page 161 and 162:
130 Y2 = PEEK(49319)/ 1.594 140 HPL
Page 163 and 164:
You probably will not see much chan
Page 165 and 166:
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 Dl DO 'b- • "A"
Page 167 and 168:
ll'i!i Name 1 1/0 SELECT 2- 17 A 15
Page 169 and 170:
ADDRESS BUS A7-AO :> MEMORY 256 x 8
Page 171 and 172:
!n!erfac" Slel Addwess lta"%Je 0 C0
Page 173 and 174:
28 INT IN SLOT 6 +5 lK Lr LOCAL INT
Page 175 and 176:
USER 1 This input will allow you to
Page 177 and 178:
puts. You must be careful in your d
Page 179 and 180:
CONTROL/ DATA input at pin 12 ( C/D
Page 181 and 182:
93427 OR EQUIV ROM ADDRESS BUS 1---
Page 183 and 184:
use of red LEDs is recommended, sin
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX B Parts Required for the E
Page 187 and 188:
APPENDIX 6502 Microprocessor Techni
Page 189 and 190:
MC§f.500 IE1lriy {D"i) This input
Page 191 and 192:
MCS6500 INSTilUCTION SH-ALPHABETICA
Page 193 and 194:
,, ,, T!M!NG Il-01! READING DI\ TA
Page 195 and 196:
MCS0t-20 PWH¢01 ns PWH¢2 ¢11ou11
Page 197 and 198:
APPENDIX D Apple Interface Breadboa
Page 199 and 200:
APPENDIX E Printed-Circuit Board Ar
Page 201 and 202:
!'i9. E-2. Printecl-
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F t • I +: a... :::> 0 a: (!> 0 (
Page 206 and 207:
Controllers, 14 Converter analog-to
Page 208:
Pin configuration-cont SN7474, 150
Page 211:
The Blacksburg Group According to B
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