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“A Refugee’s Prayer” Representative James, J. Davis, Penn. entered the prayer of Martin Marden, a 16- year-old German refugee, which had been “recommended for reading by every American by the superintendent of New York City Schools, Harold G. Campbell. We may all be proud that we live in a land where, as this lad says, ‘the youth of all races have a tomorrow.’ Despite the unemployment here, the problems of the depression, the difficulties of the stock market, and the war clouds which loom ever closer, who among us does not respond enthusiastically to these radiant words?” One day in the year should be reserved for prayers of thanksgiving in which we give thanks for something that has been granted us; for having been saved from some great destruction caused by nature or man. I am thankful that I have been given an opportunity to be educated in the United States of America. I am thankful that I live in a land where, regardless of race, everyone may take part in national ceremonies. I am thankful that I live in a land where a person may sing the National Anthem without having someone tell him that he may not because of his race. I am thankful that I live in a country governed by democracy rather than force. I am thankful that I live in a country where one is not persecuted. I am thankful that I live in a land where there are people who have real sympathy for refugees from European countries who have gone through horrible experiences. I am thankful that I have been given the opportunity to enjoy the many privileges that are unheard of in European countries. I am thankful that I shall be able to realize my ambitions, which would have been impossible had I remained in my native land. I am thankful that I live in a land where the future seems bright and hopeful rather than dark and hopeless. I am thankful that I live in a land where the youth of all races have a tomorrow, rather than in my native land, where the youth of the race is without a tomorrow. I am thankful that I have been permitted to tell you of the troubles in European lands in order that you may develop a real sympathy for the oppressed of the earth. I am thankful that I am happy and free. 1 1 Martin Mardin, “A Refugee’s Prayer,” Washington Herald, March 31, 1938 cited in Congressional Record Appendix, Seventy-Fifth Congress, 3 rd sess., vol. 10, April 1, 1938 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1938), 1269. He left Germany during 1935 with his sister and rejoined his widowed mother, Mrs. Betty Mardin, who had emigrated to the U.S. a year earlier. vi
INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is written, On Yom Kippur it is sealed: How many shall pass on, how many shall come to be; Who shall live and who shall die; Who shall see ripe age and who shall not; Who shall perish by fire and who by water; Why by sword and who by beast; Who by hunger and who by thirst; Why by earthquake and who by plague; Who by strangling and who by stoning; Who shall be secure and who shall be driven; Who shall be tranquil and who shall be troubled; Who shall be poor and who shall be rich; Who shall be humbled and who exalted. But REPENTENCE, PRAYER and CHARITY temper judgment’s severe decree. 1 1938 was a portentous year in the history of German and Austrian Jewry and ultimately for the Jews of Europe. The Anschluss or annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany on March 12 signaled to the world that Jews could no longer survive within the German community. Faced with an existential threat and unable to adopt the time honored stratagem of accepting the status of a protected but second class and subordinate minority, the Jews of Germany were once more forced upon the road of the wanderer seeking sanctuary and resettlement. The American President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, seemed to offer such salvation through his call for the creation of an international conference to deal with this 1 Central Conference of American Rabbis, Gates of Repentance: The New Union Prayerbook for the Days of Awe (New York: Central Conference of American Rabbis and Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues, 1978), 313-314. 1
Page 1 and 2: University of South Florida Scholar
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
Page 11: maintain that the conference was se
Page 15 and 16: The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
Page 17 and 18: Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
Page 19 and 20: League High Commissioner Sir Neill
Page 21 and 22: PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
Page 23 and 24: 1933, approved the Enabling Act or
Page 25 and 26: owners and laborers and offered pol
Page 27 and 28: The second phase of emigration was
Page 29 and 30: derived population. An Immigrants S
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
Page 33 and 34: trust and loyalty.” Such actions
Page 35 and 36: Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
Page 37 and 38: egulations had been introduced slow
Page 39 and 40: into the economic, cultural and pol
Page 41 and 42: Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
Page 43 and 44: converting Jewish firms into Aryan
Page 45 and 46: from academic institutions and who
Page 47 and 48: Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
Page 49 and 50: with a struggle with “cold, hardh
Page 51 and 52: immigration of Austrian refugees at
Page 53 and 54: those who might quite easily slip i
Page 55 and 56: economic, labor, social and racial
Page 57 and 58: and those “’clandestine’ fore
Page 59 and 60: epublic; a number exceeding Austral
Page 61 and 62: first secretary of the Embassy in W
Page 63 and 64:
argued that the failure of the Grea
Page 65 and 66:
FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
Page 67 and 68:
escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
Page 71 and 72:
Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
Page 75 and 76:
nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
Page 93 and 94:
Consequently, he recommended that R
Page 95 and 96:
attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
Page 103 and 104:
struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
Page 109 and 110:
George Rublee, who would be later s
Page 111 and 112:
function and scope lest the Eastern
Page 113 and 114:
much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
Page 133 and 134:
Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
Page 135 and 136:
Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
Page 139 and 140:
elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
Page 143 and 144:
communism (which he postulated was
Page 145 and 146:
would foster “enmity and suspicio
Page 147 and 148:
Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
Page 151 and 152:
feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
Page 157 and 158:
Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
Page 161 and 162:
The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
Page 165 and 166:
the congress with little “enthusi
Page 167 and 168:
The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
Page 177 and 178:
territories on to which resettlemen
Page 179 and 180:
the Colonies and especially the Eas
Page 181 and 182:
Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
Page 183 and 184:
The Evian Conference was not an “
Page 185 and 186:
1938 that the stability of the nati
Page 187 and 188:
Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
Page 191 and 192:
White, however, enjoyed the backing
Page 193 and 194:
“British through and through.”
Page 195 and 196:
The Nationalist Socialist Christian
Page 197 and 198:
experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
Page 203 and 204:
hatred” comparable to German “p
Page 205 and 206:
ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
Page 211 and 212:
Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
Page 223 and 224:
The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
Page 235 and 236:
there were political views which ca
Page 237 and 238:
Secretariat and his avoidance of in
Page 239 and 240:
“racial persecutees” who were p
Page 241 and 242:
suitable for mass migration. Since
Page 243 and 244:
After the Anschluss the number of r
Page 245 and 246:
collusion of the Viennese police an
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
Page 253 and 254:
ut only gradually and without utili
Page 255 and 256:
efugees whose residency permits had
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
Page 259 and 260:
attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
Page 261 and 262:
more “fitting” locations which
Page 263 and 264:
Many governments recognized early o
Page 265 and 266:
Some sources suggested that this ra
Page 267 and 268:
130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
Page 269 and 270:
community’s call for aid to their
Page 271 and 272:
organizations] that there was “ve
Page 273 and 274:
Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
Page 277 and 278:
economic absorptive capacity of the
Page 279 and 280:
wanted to be heard, so there was no
Page 281 and 282:
Various members of the Anglo-Britis
Page 283 and 284:
tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
Page 287 and 288:
A Belgian paper described the concl
Page 289 and 290:
The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
Page 291 and 292:
Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
Page 293 and 294:
anti-Semitic policies before the
Page 295 and 296:
to pass on the burden to the other.
Page 297 and 298:
significant obstacles in the paths
Page 299 and 300:
the receiving countries” but it w
Page 301 and 302:
efugees to retain sufficient resour
Page 303 and 304:
government” was faced with the Un
Page 305 and 306:
in the “political baiting and eco
Page 307 and 308:
opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
Page 309 and 310:
later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
Page 313 and 314:
Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
Page 315 and 316:
This committee was to operate separ
Page 317 and 318:
advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
Page 321 and 322:
of extortion: Germany expected “t
Page 323 and 324:
Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
Page 327 and 328:
were limited to “handsome speeche
Page 329 and 330:
it was the formal discussion of alt
Page 331 and 332:
summit as a means of deflecting any
Page 333 and 334:
delegate rationalized why his natio
Page 335 and 336:
into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
Page 337 and 338:
Administration and was not averse t
Page 339 and 340:
anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
Page 341 and 342:
laws from the House and Senate by i
Page 343 and 344:
and resettle the refugees but with
Page 345 and 346:
America and Africa. 69 Others have
Page 347 and 348:
new domestic programs. Emphasis on
Page 349 and 350:
enthusiasm for colonization schemes
Page 351 and 352:
Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
Page 353 and 354:
nations, and, recognizing that he l
Page 355 and 356:
throughout Latin America; an Americ
Page 357 and 358:
Jews. The patriotic organizations s
Page 359 and 360:
was to facilitate the resettlement
Page 361 and 362:
eluctance or outright refusal of th
Page 363 and 364:
“The boat people.” “The land
Page 365 and 366:
Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 367 and 368:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Page 369 and 370:
“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372:
Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
Page 373 and 374:
SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376:
the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378:
Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380:
1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382:
Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
Page 383 and 384:
Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385 and 386:
CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
Page 387 and 388:
Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
Page 389 and 390:
http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
Page 391 and 392:
“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
Page 393 and 394:
“The Response of the New Zealand
Page 395 and 396:
1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
Page 397 and 398:
APPENDICES 385
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Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
Page 401 and 402:
APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
Page 403 and 404:
Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
Page 405 and 406:
6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
Page 407 and 408:
APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
Page 409 and 410:
The following table shows in Swiss
Page 411:
had several opportunities to addres
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