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Bauer: (1933-39) 18,000 Wyman: (1938-40) 18,000 Marrus: (1933-39) 17,000 Tartakower: (1933-43) 25,000 Sweden Wyman: (24) (1943-45) 12,000 Although there are several possible choices for each country, using an approximate average for each, and taking into account that some additional thousands of Jewish refugees were taken into other countries, including South Africa, Japan, Spain, and Portugal, a reasonable summary would conclude that the number of Jewish refugees taken in between 1933 and 1945 by the United States and the rest of the world was as follows: United States 200,000 Palestine 138,000 Latin America 85,000 Great Britain 70,000 Canada 5,000 Australia 15,000 Switzerland 22,000 Shanghai [China] 18,000 Sweden 12,000 TOTAL 565,000 United States: 200,000 (35%) Rest of the world: 365,000 (65%) 388
APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNASSIMILATED REFUGEES POLITICAL REFUGEES OFFICIALLY RECORDED IN FRANCE 1922-1939 1 NATIONALITY 1922 1924 1930 1933-34 1935-38 Russians 67-75,000 150-250,000 50,000 100-120,000 Armenians 35-40,000 Spaniards 300,000 Germans 46,000 37-40,000 Italians 50,000 10,000 1 Sir John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem Report, Tables LXII, LXIII, LXIV, LXV, LXVI and 119-20, 328-329, 333-334 in Maga, French Historical Studies “The French Government and Refugee Policy”, p. 427. 389
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
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FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
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Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
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The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
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The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
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the Colonies and especially the Eas
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Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
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The Evian Conference was not an “
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1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
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White, however, enjoyed the backing
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“British through and through.”
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The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
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Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
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After the Anschluss the number of r
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collusion of the Viennese police an
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Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
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ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
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Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
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community’s call for aid to their
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organizations] that there was “ve
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Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
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economic absorptive capacity of the
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wanted to be heard, so there was no
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Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
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A Belgian paper described the concl
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The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
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anti-Semitic policies before the
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to pass on the burden to the other.
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significant obstacles in the paths
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the receiving countries” but it w
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efugees to retain sufficient resour
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government” was faced with the Un
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in the “political baiting and eco
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opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
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later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
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Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
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This committee was to operate separ
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advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
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of extortion: Germany expected “t
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Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
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were limited to “handsome speeche
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it was the formal discussion of alt
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summit as a means of deflecting any
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delegate rationalized why his natio
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into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Administration and was not averse t
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anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
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laws from the House and Senate by i
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and resettle the refugees but with
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America and Africa. 69 Others have
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new domestic programs. Emphasis on
Page 349 and 350: enthusiasm for colonization schemes
Page 351 and 352: Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
Page 353 and 354: nations, and, recognizing that he l
Page 355 and 356: throughout Latin America; an Americ
Page 357 and 358: Jews. The patriotic organizations s
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Page 361 and 362: eluctance or outright refusal of th
Page 363 and 364: “The boat people.” “The land
Page 365 and 366: Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 367 and 368: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Page 369 and 370: “The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372: Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
Page 373 and 374: SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376: the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378: Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380: 1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382: Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
Page 383 and 384: Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385 and 386: CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
Page 387 and 388: Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
Page 389 and 390: http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
Page 391 and 392: “Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
Page 393 and 394: “The Response of the New Zealand
Page 395 and 396: 1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
Page 397 and 398: APPENDICES 385
Page 399: Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
Page 403 and 404: Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
Page 405 and 406: 6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
Page 409 and 410: The following table shows in Swiss
Page 411: had several opportunities to addres
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