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all of us here have in mind.” 108 Taylor regarded Lobo as being “extraordinarily helpful” in influencing other Latin American nations to adopt a “reasonable point of view.” 109 It was pointed out, however, that the majority of German and Austrian refugees were urbanites and not farmers. During 1937 Brazil had admitted 2,003 stateless Jews but only 530 in 1938. The Brazilian Government had agreed to the admission of nine thousand refugees over a three year period but with strict entry requirements: in addition to being true agriculturalists they had to possess $2,400 over and beyond the amount covering travel and resettlement expenses. 110 Approximately twenty five thousand Jews were granted legal admission into the country during1933-1942. 111 The July 7 session ended on a common theme. Citing economic, social, political, religious, and ethnic concerns each delegate expressed sympathy but offered a host of reasons why their respective nations could not provide refuge to stateless immigrants. Oftentimes their home governments were secretly working behind the scenes to construct obstacles that would limit or block entry altogether. The Europeans and Americans expected the nations of Latin America to receive the bulk of the émigrés. Equally, these nations were resistant to accepting the role of dumping ground for a people that was considered less than desirable. Such rhetoric, gamesmanship and plotting would continue throughout and color the course of the remainder of the Evian Conference. The inherent 108 “Proceeding,” July 7, 1938, 17-18. 109 Telegram from Taylor to Cordell Hull, July 14, 1938, 840.48 Refugees/513, FRUS 1938, vol. 1, 754. 110 Proceedings of the Evian Conference, July 7, 1938; “Political Refugee Problem Puzzles World Diplomats,” Meridian Record, July 8, 1938, 3; New York Times, August 6, 1938; Perl, The Holocaust Conspiracy, 44; Gurlock, America, American Jews, 236. 111 Benjamin Moser, Why This World: A Biography of Clarice Lispector (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 86-87. 194
hypocrisy would become readily apparent to the victims, observers, the representatives and the Nazis but such knowledge would not alter the journey and eventual outcome of a meeting that, from its inception, was destined to fail. 195
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
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FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
Page 155 and 156: position for such a small minority.
Page 157 and 158: Some foreign circles regarded Roose
Page 159 and 160: Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
Page 161 and 162: The editor of the Palestinian paper
Page 163 and 164: offend the Jews rather than the Ara
Page 165 and 166: the congress with little “enthusi
Page 167 and 168: The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
Page 169 and 170: “exemplary efficiency and dispatc
Page 171 and 172: conference. The one remaining detai
Page 173 and 174: working group. Consequently, they w
Page 175 and 176: devise a “long-range program of [
Page 177 and 178: territories on to which resettlemen
Page 179 and 180: the Colonies and especially the Eas
Page 181 and 182: Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
Page 183 and 184: The Evian Conference was not an “
Page 185 and 186: 1938 that the stability of the nati
Page 187 and 188: Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
Page 189 and 190: efugees. Belgium had been a signato
Page 191 and 192: White, however, enjoyed the backing
Page 193 and 194: “British through and through.”
Page 195 and 196: The Nationalist Socialist Christian
Page 197 and 198: experience” Jewish immigration ha
Page 199 and 200: concept. His participation represen
Page 201 and 202: “enemy aliens” that remained in
Page 203 and 204: hatred” comparable to German “p
Page 205: ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
Page 209 and 210: would “only be raising false hope
Page 211 and 212: Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
Page 213 and 214: “Intellectuals or traders, middle
Page 215 and 216: elieved that Jews should not be exc
Page 217 and 218: Administration required the present
Page 219 and 220: problems “similar to those which
Page 221 and 222: action would occur at a “rate app
Page 223 and 224: The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
Page 225 and 226: humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
Page 227 and 228: Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
Page 229 and 230: mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
Page 233 and 234: “planned” mass migration was pr
Page 235 and 236: there were political views which ca
Page 237 and 238: Secretariat and his avoidance of in
Page 239 and 240: “racial persecutees” who were p
Page 241 and 242: suitable for mass migration. Since
Page 243 and 244: After the Anschluss the number of r
Page 245 and 246: collusion of the Viennese police an
Page 247 and 248: Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
Page 249 and 250: system of emigration, temporary tra
Page 251 and 252: on the refugee problem but was turn
Page 253 and 254: ut only gradually and without utili
Page 255 and 256: efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
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Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
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community’s call for aid to their
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organizations] that there was “ve
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Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
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economic absorptive capacity of the
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wanted to be heard, so there was no
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Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
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A Belgian paper described the concl
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The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
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anti-Semitic policies before the
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to pass on the burden to the other.
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significant obstacles in the paths
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the receiving countries” but it w
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efugees to retain sufficient resour
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government” was faced with the Un
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in the “political baiting and eco
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opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
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later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
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Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
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This committee was to operate separ
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advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
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of extortion: Germany expected “t
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Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
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were limited to “handsome speeche
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it was the formal discussion of alt
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summit as a means of deflecting any
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delegate rationalized why his natio
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into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Administration and was not averse t
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anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
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laws from the House and Senate by i
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and resettle the refugees but with
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America and Africa. 69 Others have
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new domestic programs. Emphasis on
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enthusiasm for colonization schemes
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Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
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nations, and, recognizing that he l
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throughout Latin America; an Americ
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Jews. The patriotic organizations s
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was to facilitate the resettlement
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eluctance or outright refusal of th
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“The boat people.” “The land
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Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
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“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
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Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
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SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
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the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
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Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
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1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
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Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
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Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
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CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
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Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
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http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
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“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
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“The Response of the New Zealand
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1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
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APPENDICES 385
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Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
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APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
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Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
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6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
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APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
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The following table shows in Swiss
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had several opportunities to addres
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