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PART IV: APPRAISALS 312 Chapter 13: “No Confidence in the Idea” 312 Chapter 14: Ominous Tidings Conclusions and “Unintended Signals” 346 REFERENCES 352 APPENDICES 385 Appendix A: Country-by-country Breakdown of Jewish Refugee Immigration from Nazism—1933-1945 386 Appendix B: Estimated Number of Unassimilated Political Refugees Officially Recorded in France 1922-1939 389 Appendix C: List of Jewish and non-Jewish relief organizations testifying before the Evian Conference Subcommittees 390 Appendix D: Decisions taken at the Evian Conference on Jewish Refugees, July 1938 392 Appendix E: Jewish Population of the World at the End of 1937 395 Appendix F: Proposals regarding Intergovernmental Committee expenses and allocation 396 ABOUT THE AUTHOR END PAGE ii
LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occupations in Germany in 1933 Census 57 TABLE 2: Emigration of Jews from Austria and Germany April1933-May 1939 59 TABLE 3: Austrian Jewish Emigration 1938-1945 60 TABLE 4: Foreign Born in U.S., 1850-1940 78 TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 79 TABLE 6: Demographics of Jewish Population in Germany as of January 1, 1938 164 iii
Page 1 and 2: University of South Florida Scholar
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
Page 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
Page 11 and 12: maintain that the conference was se
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
Page 15 and 16: The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
Page 17 and 18: Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
Page 19 and 20: League High Commissioner Sir Neill
Page 21 and 22: PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
Page 23 and 24: 1933, approved the Enabling Act or
Page 25 and 26: owners and laborers and offered pol
Page 27 and 28: The second phase of emigration was
Page 29 and 30: derived population. An Immigrants S
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
Page 33 and 34: trust and loyalty.” Such actions
Page 35 and 36: Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
Page 37 and 38: egulations had been introduced slow
Page 39 and 40: into the economic, cultural and pol
Page 41 and 42: Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
Page 43 and 44: converting Jewish firms into Aryan
Page 45 and 46: from academic institutions and who
Page 47 and 48: Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
Page 49 and 50: with a struggle with “cold, hardh
Page 51 and 52: immigration of Austrian refugees at
Page 53 and 54: those who might quite easily slip i
Page 55 and 56: economic, labor, social and racial
Page 57 and 58: and those “’clandestine’ fore
Page 59 and 60:
epublic; a number exceeding Austral
Page 61 and 62:
first secretary of the Embassy in W
Page 63 and 64:
argued that the failure of the Grea
Page 65 and 66:
FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
Page 67 and 68:
escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
Page 103 and 104:
struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
Page 113 and 114:
much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
Page 127 and 128:
the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
Page 133 and 134:
Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
Page 145 and 146:
would foster “enmity and suspicio
Page 147 and 148:
Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
Page 153 and 154:
no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
Page 157 and 158:
Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
Page 161 and 162:
The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
Page 167 and 168:
The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
Page 179 and 180:
the Colonies and especially the Eas
Page 181 and 182:
Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
Page 183 and 184:
The Evian Conference was not an “
Page 185 and 186:
1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
Page 191 and 192:
White, however, enjoyed the backing
Page 193 and 194:
“British through and through.”
Page 195 and 196:
The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
Page 211 and 212:
Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
Page 243 and 244:
After the Anschluss the number of r
Page 245 and 246:
collusion of the Viennese police an
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
Page 253 and 254:
ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
Page 263 and 264:
Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
Page 269 and 270:
community’s call for aid to their
Page 271 and 272:
organizations] that there was “ve
Page 273 and 274:
Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
Page 277 and 278:
economic absorptive capacity of the
Page 279 and 280:
wanted to be heard, so there was no
Page 281 and 282:
Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
Page 287 and 288:
A Belgian paper described the concl
Page 289 and 290:
The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
Page 293 and 294:
anti-Semitic policies before the
Page 295 and 296:
to pass on the burden to the other.
Page 297 and 298:
significant obstacles in the paths
Page 299 and 300:
the receiving countries” but it w
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efugees to retain sufficient resour
Page 303 and 304:
government” was faced with the Un
Page 305 and 306:
in the “political baiting and eco
Page 307 and 308:
opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
Page 309 and 310:
later. 156 Skran asserted that the
Page 311 and 312:
…Should not the outside world be
Page 313 and 314:
Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
Page 315 and 316:
This committee was to operate separ
Page 317 and 318:
advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
Page 321 and 322:
of extortion: Germany expected “t
Page 323 and 324:
Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
Page 327 and 328:
were limited to “handsome speeche
Page 329 and 330:
it was the formal discussion of alt
Page 331 and 332:
summit as a means of deflecting any
Page 333 and 334:
delegate rationalized why his natio
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into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Administration and was not averse t
Page 339 and 340:
anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
Page 341 and 342:
laws from the House and Senate by i
Page 343 and 344:
and resettle the refugees but with
Page 345 and 346:
America and Africa. 69 Others have
Page 347 and 348:
new domestic programs. Emphasis on
Page 349 and 350:
enthusiasm for colonization schemes
Page 351 and 352:
Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
Page 353 and 354:
nations, and, recognizing that he l
Page 355 and 356:
throughout Latin America; an Americ
Page 357 and 358:
Jews. The patriotic organizations s
Page 359 and 360:
was to facilitate the resettlement
Page 361 and 362:
eluctance or outright refusal of th
Page 363 and 364:
“The boat people.” “The land
Page 365 and 366:
Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 367 and 368:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Page 369 and 370:
“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372:
Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
Page 373 and 374:
SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376:
the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378:
Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380:
1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382:
Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
Page 383 and 384:
Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385 and 386:
CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
Page 387 and 388:
Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
Page 389 and 390:
http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
Page 391 and 392:
“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
Page 393 and 394:
“The Response of the New Zealand
Page 395 and 396:
1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
Page 397 and 398:
APPENDICES 385
Page 399 and 400:
Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
Page 401 and 402:
APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
Page 403 and 404:
Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
Page 405 and 406:
6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
Page 407 and 408:
APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
Page 409 and 410:
The following table shows in Swiss
Page 411:
had several opportunities to addres
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