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PART II HOPE ASCENDING Chapter 5 Day One “Actual Racial Problem” “Shall we refuse the unhappy fugitives from distress that hospitality which the savages of the wilderness extended to our forefathers arriving in this land? Shall oppressed humanity find no asylum on this globe?” Thomas Jefferson 1 “A conference is a gathering of important people who singly can do nothing, but together can decide that nothing can be done.” Fred Allen 2 The original planning for the Intergovernmental Committee for Political Refugees (IGCPR or more familiarly known as the Evian Conference) called for two public sessions, which were later extended to six. The expansion of the number of open sessions provided the envoys with an opportunity to indulge in lofty oratory that highlighted their humanitarian concerns while simultaneously explaining why their respective nations could not act. Only one private meeting, composed of all the delegations, was held. Two sub-committees, imbued with the spirit of the official invitation, would actually carry out the work of the conference. 1 Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address March 4, 1801. 2 Fred Allen available from http://www.quotes.net/quotations/%22Evian%20Conference%22; Internet; accessed July 23, 2010. 154
The first, the Technical Sub-Committee, chaired by Judge Michael Hansson of Norway, was charged with the examination of the legal aspects of emigration. Each country would be asked to supply the particulars of their immigration laws and policies, an estimate of the number of refugees that would be allowed entry and the specifics regarding any required documentation. The panel would report their findings to the general conference. The Hansson Committee would be composed of delegates from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, The Netherlands and Switzerland, assisted by Sir Neill Malcolm; nations that had already expressed their resistance to accepting and subsidizing additional involuntary émigrés. The response of this committee’s membership to its appointed task was “far from enthusiastic” marked by poor attendance at its initial meeting. In fact, by the time of the fourth public session Chairman Hansson, frustrated by the panel’s lack of interest, was forced to ask the delegations “to be good enough to send representatives to the second meeting of the Sub- Committee.” As will be noted later by the Chief Concierge of the Hotel Royal the opportunities for entertainment and recreation in the vicinity of Evian and Lake Geneva proved too difficult to resist. 3 The second working group, the Sub-Committee on the Reception of Those Concerned with the Relief of Political Refugees from Germany (including Austria), 3 Adler-Rudel, “Evian Conference,” 251-252. Judge Michael Hansson assumed the office of President of the Nansen Office during January 1936 and directed the International Commission for the Assistance of Spanish Child Refugees during the Spanish Civil War. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace on behalf of the Nansen Office on December 10, 1938. The Norwegian jurist declared that the “biggest social question of our time” was the refugee problem and warned that five million Jews were at risk of becoming homeless and stateless and called for international loans to assist all refugees. “Suggest Loan,” The Kingston Daily Freeman (Kingston, NY), December 18, 1938, 7 available from http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2010/Kingston%20NY%20Daily%20Freeman/Kingston%20NY%20 Daily%20Freeman%201939%20Grayscale/Kingston%20NY%20Daily%20Freeman%201939%20b%20Gr ayscale%20-%200126.pdf; Internet; accessed August 7, 2010. 155
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
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FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Page 117 and 118: attendance was declined by the Ital
Page 119 and 120: y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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Page 123 and 124: viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
Page 125 and 126: means of forcing them to leave…ha
Page 127 and 128: the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
Page 133 and 134: Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
Page 135 and 136: Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
Page 137 and 138: kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
Page 139 and 140: elieved that the current quota allo
Page 141 and 142: with gentle words, to obscure the J
Page 143 and 144: communism (which he postulated was
Page 145 and 146: would foster “enmity and suspicio
Page 147 and 148: Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
Page 149 and 150: weeks prior to the opening of the E
Page 151 and 152: feared the “unrestricted entry”
Page 153 and 154: no longer survives.” 65 Another F
Page 155 and 156: position for such a small minority.
Page 157 and 158: Some foreign circles regarded Roose
Page 159 and 160: Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
Page 161 and 162: The editor of the Palestinian paper
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Page 165: the congress with little “enthusi
Page 169 and 170: “exemplary efficiency and dispatc
Page 171 and 172: conference. The one remaining detai
Page 173 and 174: working group. Consequently, they w
Page 175 and 176: devise a “long-range program of [
Page 177 and 178: territories on to which resettlemen
Page 179 and 180: the Colonies and especially the Eas
Page 181 and 182: Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
Page 183 and 184: The Evian Conference was not an “
Page 185 and 186: 1938 that the stability of the nati
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Page 189 and 190: efugees. Belgium had been a signato
Page 191 and 192: White, however, enjoyed the backing
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Page 195 and 196: The Nationalist Socialist Christian
Page 197 and 198: experience” Jewish immigration ha
Page 199 and 200: concept. His participation represen
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Page 203 and 204: hatred” comparable to German “p
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Page 207 and 208: hypocrisy would become readily appa
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Page 211 and 212: Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
Page 213 and 214: “Intellectuals or traders, middle
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
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After the Anschluss the number of r
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collusion of the Viennese police an
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Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
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ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
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Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
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community’s call for aid to their
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organizations] that there was “ve
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Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
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economic absorptive capacity of the
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wanted to be heard, so there was no
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Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
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A Belgian paper described the concl
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The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
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anti-Semitic policies before the
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to pass on the burden to the other.
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significant obstacles in the paths
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the receiving countries” but it w
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efugees to retain sufficient resour
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government” was faced with the Un
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in the “political baiting and eco
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opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
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later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
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Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
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This committee was to operate separ
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advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
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of extortion: Germany expected “t
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Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
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were limited to “handsome speeche
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it was the formal discussion of alt
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summit as a means of deflecting any
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delegate rationalized why his natio
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into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Administration and was not averse t
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anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
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laws from the House and Senate by i
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and resettle the refugees but with
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America and Africa. 69 Others have
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new domestic programs. Emphasis on
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enthusiasm for colonization schemes
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Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
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nations, and, recognizing that he l
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throughout Latin America; an Americ
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Jews. The patriotic organizations s
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was to facilitate the resettlement
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eluctance or outright refusal of th
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“The boat people.” “The land
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Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
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“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
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Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
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SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
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the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
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Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
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1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
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Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
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Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
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CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
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Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
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http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
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“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
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“The Response of the New Zealand
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1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
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APPENDICES 385
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Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
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APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
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Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
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6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
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APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
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The following table shows in Swiss
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had several opportunities to addres
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