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Judge Irving Lehman (September 14, 1933), that he intended to address the general topic of human rights violations within the Reich while excluding specific references to the Jews. The U.S. Ambassador in Berlin, William E. Dodd, questioned the President about official American policy regarding German anti-Semitism and was advised that the Nazi treatment of Jews was an internal “affair” outside the purview of the United States Government except when it impacted upon the Jewish-Americans “who happen to be made victims.” 42 FDR utilized the media as a means of disseminating “stories, nearly always favorable,” that were assured of nationwide front page coverage that would overpower the “adverse editorials” in many newspapers and dominate the front pages to the “exasperation of his many enemies.” 43 The President skillfully utilized the proverbial bloody pulpit, provided by his Presidential News Conferences and his fire side chats, to generate a “supply of news” that would overshadow other press stories. 44 He could also utilize reporters’ questions as a means of promoting and framing the policies of the 42 Rafael Medoff, Blowing the Whistle on Genocide: Josiah E. Dubois, Jr., and the Struggle for a U.S. Response to the Holocaust (W. Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2009), 5, 6. Roosevelt was criticized, following the call for the Evian Conference, for his failure to openly chastise Hitler and his policies. Oswald Garrison Villard, the treasurer of the American Guild for German Cultural Freedom, praised the Administration for its “noble action” for leading the way to rescuing the refugees of Germany and Austria. However, it has “not spoken out strongly enough.” While FDR discussed the quarantining of those nations that threatened international peace and issued “other veiled references or generalizations in regard to the dictators [still he] has not called the devil by his right name, as did John Hay when Secretary of State and Theodore Roosevelt when President…in inviting a delegation of American Jews to the White House at the time of the Russian pogroms at Kishinev and telling the world just what the two highest officials in our Government felt about those horrors. Those pogroms were merciful compared to the horribly slow, cruel tortures of the concentration camps of today and of the robbing, maltreating and degrading of hundreds of thousands of people.” “Thomas Mann Advocates Reich Refugee Exhibit,” The Sentinel, May 19, 1938, 34. 43 John Williams Tebell and Sarah Miles Watts, The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan (NY: Oxford University Press, 1995), 438, 444. 44 Graham White. FDR and the Press (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1979), 23-24. 324
Administration and was not averse to providing journalists with questions on topics he wished to discuss. 45 Roosevelt also realized that he possessed the power to promote, divert or suppress the reaction of the media and the public to a daily event or public policy. 46 Steven Casey maintained that FDR was particularly influenced by the “shifting attitudes of opinion makers,” especially those of “journalists, editors and commentators” who opposed liberalization of the quota laws or immigration in general. 47 A correspondent of the time observed that the President had the ability to quickly ascertain the “mood of the country” and the relative importance of “current events, trends [and] problems” from the manner in which in which press questions were framed and the “tone” used in their construction. 48 Roosevelt also utilized the Division of Press Intelligence during 1933-1939. This agency monitored and analyzed the reporting and editorializing of approximately four hundred newspapers, providing the White House with a daily “intelligence report.” 49 A 1995 analysis of the themes of the President’s first 45 Elmer Cornwell, Jr., Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1966), 156-157. 46 White, FDR and the Press, 22; Richard W. Steele, Propaganda in an Open Society: The Roosevelt Administration and the Media, 1933-1941 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 37; Betty H. Winfield, FDR and the News Media (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 237. 47 Steven Casey, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War against Nazi Germany (NY: Oxford University Press, 2001), 69. 48 White, FDR and the Press, 22. 49 Laurel Leff, “News of the Holocaust: Why FDR Didn’t Tell and the Press Didn’t Ask,” Hakirah: A Journal of Jewish and Ethnic Studies, 2006, 11available from http://wymaninstitute.org/articles/News%20of%20the%20Holocaust- %20Why%20FDR%20Didn't%20Tell%20and%20the%20Press%20Didn't%20Ask.pdf; Internet; accessed October 3, 2010. The Office of Press Intelligence was established in August 1933 and on July 10, 1935 it was placed under the authority of the National Emergency Council. The Reorganization Plan No. 11 transferred the agency to the Office of Government Reports where it remained in operation until Executive Order 9182 of June 13, 1942 moved it to the Bureau of Special Services in the Office of War Information. 325
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
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FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
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Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
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The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
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The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
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the Colonies and especially the Eas
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Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
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The Evian Conference was not an “
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1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
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White, however, enjoyed the backing
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“British through and through.”
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The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
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Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
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After the Anschluss the number of r
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collusion of the Viennese police an
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Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
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ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
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Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
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community’s call for aid to their
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organizations] that there was “ve
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Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
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economic absorptive capacity of the
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wanted to be heard, so there was no
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Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Page 313 and 314: Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
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Page 335: into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Page 361 and 362: eluctance or outright refusal of th
Page 363 and 364: “The boat people.” “The land
Page 365 and 366: Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 367 and 368: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Page 369 and 370: “The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372: Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
Page 373 and 374: SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376: the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378: Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380: 1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382: Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
Page 383 and 384: Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385 and 386: CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
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Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
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http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
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“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
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“The Response of the New Zealand
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1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
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APPENDICES 385
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Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
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APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
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Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
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6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
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APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
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The following table shows in Swiss
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had several opportunities to addres
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