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“Letter of Resignation of James G. McDonald” December 27, 1935 C1538 20A-80732- 22873, ix, League of Nations Archives. Makins, “Refugees—Memorandum on the Refugee Question,” September 1, 1935- September 1, 1936 PRO FO 371 W10548/172/98. “Note by the American Department of State to the German Foreign Ministry on the Evian Conference”, October 26, 1938 cited in John Mendelsohn, ed. The Holocaust. Vol. 5 Jewish Emigration from 1933 to the Evian Conference of 1938, 145-147. Observations Présentées par Sir Horace Rumbold (annexe) - Comité Pour L’Assistance Internationale aux Réfugies. Procès-Verbal (C.A.I.R./P.V.) December 18, 1935. R5633/21365/20038 League of Nations Archives. Proceedings of the Intergovernmental Committee on Political Refugees, Evian, France, July 6-15, 1938 and Record of the Plenary Meetings of the Committee, Resolutions and Reports. Sir Neill Malcolm, Refugees Coming From Germany: Report submitted to the Seventeenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the League of Nations A.19.1936.XII. 1 September 1936. Sir Neill Malcolm, “Refugees Coming from Germany: Report submitted to the Nineteenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the League of Nations.” A.25.1938.XII 22 August 1938, League of Nations Archives. The United States Government Manual, 2009-2010 National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2009. Internet “Address before the Pan American Union.” Franklin D. Roosevelt. April 12, 1933 available from http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/7-2-188/188-01.html ; Internet; accessed August 24, 2010. American Jewish Yearbook Review of the Year 1938-1939 available from http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1938_1939_4_YearReview.pdf; Internet; accessed May 14, 2010. Canadian Jewish Congress Charities National Archives-Collection Guide available from http://www.cjccc.ca/national_archives/archives/arcguideA.htm; Internet; accessed August 15, 2010. “German Jewish Response to the Nuremberg Laws (September 24, 1935) available from 354
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/jewnurm.html; Internet; accessed October 1, 2010. “Is the Evian Conference Doomed to Failure? Hopes and Fears for the Refugee Parley” by William Zukerman, The Jewish Criterion, July 15, 1938, 12, 16, 17 available from http://pjn.library.cmu.edu/books/pages.cgi?call=CRI_1938_092_010_07151938&lay out=vol0/part0/copy0&file=0012; Internet; accessed July 15, 2010. “Letter by a German Official to Goering,” March 26, 1938, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Military Trials Nuremberg, Vol. 5 (Washington, 1946), pp. 275-276 available from http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.py?imt/nca/nca-06//nca-06-3577-ps; Internet; accessed March 16, 2010. “Memorandum of the Jewish Agency, Palestine, to the Evian Conference,” July 6, 1938 available from http://www.zupdom.com/iconsmultimedia/ClientsArea/HoH/LIBARC/ARCHIVE/Chapters/Terror/RefugeeP/Memo ran1.html ; Internet; accessed May 15, 2010. “Memorandum of the World Jewish Congress to the Evian Conference,” July 6, 1938, S7/693, World Jewish Congress Executive Committee Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem available from http://www.zupdom.com/iconsmultimedia/ClientsArea/HoH/LIBARC/ARCHIVE/Chapters/Terror/RefugeeP/Memra n2.html; Internet; accessed March 23, 2008. Mit den deutschen Soldaten im befreiten Österreich by Ludwig Sartorius (“With German Soldiers in Liberated Austria”) Die Wehrmacht, 2, no. 6 (1938) 4-5 German Propaganda Archive available from http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/wehr01.htm; Internet; accessed March 8, 2010. “Negroes, Nazis and Jews.” Roy Wilkins The Crisis December 1938, 393 available from http://books.google.com/books?id=6VoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA393&dq=Jews&hl=e n&ei=j1RJTImEJcH48Ab12vntDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=90& ved=0CL8EEOgBMFk4ZA#v=onepage&q=Jews&f=false; Internet; accessed July 23, 2010. Neville Chamberlain statement on the Anschluss Foreign Affairs (Austria) House of Commons Debate March 14, 1938 Vol. 333 cc45-169available from http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1938/mar/14/foreign-affairsaustria#S5CV0333P0_19380314_HOC_256; Internet; accessed October 7, 2010. “No One Wants to Have Them” Voelkischer Beobachter, July 13, 1938 available from http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/evian2.html; Internet; accessed June 24, 2008. 355
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
Page 65 and 66:
FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
Page 69 and 70:
Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
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Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
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The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
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The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
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the Colonies and especially the Eas
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Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
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The Evian Conference was not an “
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1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
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White, however, enjoyed the backing
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“British through and through.”
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The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
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Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
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After the Anschluss the number of r
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collusion of the Viennese police an
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Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
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ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
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Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
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community’s call for aid to their
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organizations] that there was “ve
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Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
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economic absorptive capacity of the
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wanted to be heard, so there was no
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Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
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A Belgian paper described the concl
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The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
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anti-Semitic policies before the
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to pass on the burden to the other.
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significant obstacles in the paths
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the receiving countries” but it w
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efugees to retain sufficient resour
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government” was faced with the Un
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in the “political baiting and eco
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opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
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later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
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Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
Page 315 and 316: This committee was to operate separ
Page 317 and 318: advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
Page 319 and 320: that was the genesis of the “mise
Page 321 and 322: of extortion: Germany expected “t
Page 323 and 324: Ultimately, the activities of the I
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Page 327 and 328: were limited to “handsome speeche
Page 329 and 330: it was the formal discussion of alt
Page 331 and 332: summit as a means of deflecting any
Page 333 and 334: delegate rationalized why his natio
Page 335 and 336: into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
Page 337 and 338: Administration and was not averse t
Page 339 and 340: anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
Page 341 and 342: laws from the House and Senate by i
Page 343 and 344: and resettle the refugees but with
Page 345 and 346: America and Africa. 69 Others have
Page 347 and 348: new domestic programs. Emphasis on
Page 349 and 350: enthusiasm for colonization schemes
Page 351 and 352: Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
Page 353 and 354: nations, and, recognizing that he l
Page 355 and 356: throughout Latin America; an Americ
Page 357 and 358: Jews. The patriotic organizations s
Page 359 and 360: was to facilitate the resettlement
Page 361 and 362: eluctance or outright refusal of th
Page 363 and 364: “The boat people.” “The land
Page 365: Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 369 and 370: “The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372: Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
Page 373 and 374: SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376: the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378: Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380: 1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382: Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
Page 383 and 384: Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385 and 386: CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
Page 387 and 388: Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
Page 389 and 390: http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
Page 391 and 392: “Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
Page 393 and 394: “The Response of the New Zealand
Page 395 and 396: 1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
Page 397 and 398: APPENDICES 385
Page 399 and 400: Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
Page 401 and 402: APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
Page 403 and 404: Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
Page 405 and 406: 6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
Page 409 and 410: The following table shows in Swiss
Page 411: had several opportunities to addres
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