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encased in a tight-fitting glove of quotas and visas and affidavits, and a thick layer of prejudice.” Immigration quotas could have been suspended for the duration of the Hitler regime. Enough funds could have been raised to provide for the destitute refugee carried by foreign ships to distant shores. The solemn “resolutions” of the Evian Conference could have become a “reality instead of a hollow gesture.” International accords could have been reached enabling the absorption of forced émigrés based on the respective “size and wealth” of recipient nations. If the United States had shown the way then it was highly likely that “no nation would have refused its cooperation. But nothing was done…” 162 162 Freda Kirchey, “While the Jews Die,” The Nation, March 13, 1943, 366-367. 300
Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Committee for Political Refugees “Face Saving Organization” The sole accomplishment of the Evian Conference was the creation of the London-based Intergovernmental Committee for Political Refugees Coming from Germany. The IGCR differed from earlier refugee organizations in that it enjoyed greater support from the United States Government and it represented the “first all-democracy world body ever established.” Its full time director was to be an “eminent American” endowed with a greater range of authority and a “freer hand” than had been granted the League’s High Commissioner for Refugees. Countries that created refugees were excluded from membership. Additionally, at least in the American view, it would offer the opportunity to deal with other groups of refugees. It would consist of a chairman, four vice-chairmen and a director (Winterton as chairman; Taylor as vice-chair). The IGCR, like its League predecessor, pursued a limited mission: to persuade nations to offer realistic opportunities for permanent resettlement and to negotiate with and convince the German Government involuntary refugees should be allowed to retain sufficient financial assets to reestablish themselves in a new life. 1 Committee members would be drawn from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Argentina and Brazil 1 Marrus. The Unwanted, 171, 182. The League never engaged in negotiations with the Reich leadership. 301
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
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FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
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Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
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The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
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The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
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the Colonies and especially the Eas
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Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
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The Evian Conference was not an “
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1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
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White, however, enjoyed the backing
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“British through and through.”
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The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
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Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
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After the Anschluss the number of r
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collusion of the Viennese police an
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Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
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ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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Page 263 and 264: Many governments recognized early o
Page 265 and 266: Some sources suggested that this ra
Page 267 and 268: 130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
Page 269 and 270: community’s call for aid to their
Page 271 and 272: organizations] that there was “ve
Page 273 and 274: Jewish groups themselves could not
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Page 279 and 280: wanted to be heard, so there was no
Page 281 and 282: Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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Page 285 and 286: Conference represented the first in
Page 287 and 288: A Belgian paper described the concl
Page 289 and 290: The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Page 293 and 294: anti-Semitic policies before the
Page 295 and 296: to pass on the burden to the other.
Page 297 and 298: significant obstacles in the paths
Page 299 and 300: the receiving countries” but it w
Page 301 and 302: efugees to retain sufficient resour
Page 303 and 304: government” was faced with the Un
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Page 307 and 308: opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
Page 309 and 310: later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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Page 315 and 316: This committee was to operate separ
Page 317 and 318: advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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Page 321 and 322: of extortion: Germany expected “t
Page 323 and 324: Ultimately, the activities of the I
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Page 327 and 328: were limited to “handsome speeche
Page 329 and 330: it was the formal discussion of alt
Page 331 and 332: summit as a means of deflecting any
Page 333 and 334: delegate rationalized why his natio
Page 335 and 336: into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Page 341 and 342: laws from the House and Senate by i
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Page 349 and 350: enthusiasm for colonization schemes
Page 351 and 352: Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
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Page 357 and 358: Jews. The patriotic organizations s
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“The boat people.” “The land
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Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
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“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
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Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
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SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
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the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
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Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
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1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
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Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
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Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
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CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
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Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
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http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
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“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
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“The Response of the New Zealand
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1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
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APPENDICES 385
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Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
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APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
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Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
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6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
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APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
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The following table shows in Swiss
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had several opportunities to addres
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