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Tulchinsky, Gerald. Canada’s Jews: A People’s Journey. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2008. Urofsky, Melvin I. A Voice that Spoke for Justice: The Life and Times of Stephen S. Wise Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1982. Vernant, Jacques. The Refugee in the Post-War World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953. Vital, David. A People Apart: The Jews of Europe, 1789-1939. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1999. olko, Shulamit. Germans, Jews and Antisemites: Trials in Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Wasserstein Bernard. Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979. Weisgal, Meyer W. ed. Chaim Weizmann: Statesman, Scientist, Builder of the Jewish Commonwealth. New York: Dial Press, 1944. Weitz, John. Hitler’s Banker: Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht. NY: Little, Brown and Company, 1997. Weizmann, Chaim. Trial and Error. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1949 Welles, Benjamin. Sumner Welles: FDR’s Global Strategist A Biography. NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1977. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. The Controversy of Zion: Jewish Nationalism, the Jewish State and the Unresolved Jewish Dilemma. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1997. White, Graham. FDR and the Press. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. Wigoder, Geoffrey. ed., Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. VI, Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1970. Winfield, Betty H. FDR and the News Media. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990. Wyden, Peter. Stella. New York: Anchor Books, 1993. Wyman, David S. Paper Walls America and the Refugee Crisis 1938-1941. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968. 374
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
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FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
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Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
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The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
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The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
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the Colonies and especially the Eas
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Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
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The Evian Conference was not an “
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1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
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White, however, enjoyed the backing
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“British through and through.”
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The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
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Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
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After the Anschluss the number of r
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collusion of the Viennese police an
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Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
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ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
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Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
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community’s call for aid to their
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organizations] that there was “ve
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Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
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economic absorptive capacity of the
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wanted to be heard, so there was no
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Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
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A Belgian paper described the concl
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The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
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anti-Semitic policies before the
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to pass on the burden to the other.
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significant obstacles in the paths
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the receiving countries” but it w
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efugees to retain sufficient resour
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government” was faced with the Un
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in the “political baiting and eco
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opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
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later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
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Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
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This committee was to operate separ
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advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
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of extortion: Germany expected “t
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Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
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were limited to “handsome speeche
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it was the formal discussion of alt
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summit as a means of deflecting any
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delegate rationalized why his natio
Page 335 and 336: into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Page 351 and 352: Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
Page 353 and 354: nations, and, recognizing that he l
Page 355 and 356: throughout Latin America; an Americ
Page 357 and 358: Jews. The patriotic organizations s
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Page 361 and 362: eluctance or outright refusal of th
Page 363 and 364: “The boat people.” “The land
Page 365 and 366: Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 367 and 368: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Page 369 and 370: “The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372: Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
Page 373 and 374: SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376: the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378: Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380: 1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382: Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
Page 383 and 384: Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385: CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
Page 389 and 390: http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
Page 391 and 392: “Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
Page 393 and 394: “The Response of the New Zealand
Page 395 and 396: 1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
Page 397 and 398: APPENDICES 385
Page 399 and 400: Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
Page 401 and 402: APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
Page 403 and 404: Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
Page 405 and 406: 6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
Page 409 and 410: The following table shows in Swiss
Page 411: had several opportunities to addres
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