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The Jewish Trail of Tears The Evian Conference of 1938 by Dennis R. Laffer A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Graydon Tunstall, Ph.D. John Belohlavek, Ph.D. Kees Boterbloem, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 16, 2011 Keywords: Intergovernmental Committee, refugees, Anschluss, forced emigration, immigration restrictions Copyright © 2011, Dennis R. Laffer
DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to Ellen, my wife of almost twenty five years, whose love, comfort, guidance and wisdom sustained me through sickness and health and enabled me to complete a long-held dream. The completion of a Master’s degree program in history and the writing of a thesis would not have been possible without her presence at my side. For her great patience, insight and support I will always be truly grateful. I dedicate this work also to my daughters, Lauren Abigail and Jenny Elizabeth for their love, encouragement and patience. My interest in the topic of this work began in 1999 when they were both young and I deeply appreciate their understanding of the time I needed to spend in my quest for knowledge about the Evian Conference. I hope that I have set an example for them that it is possible, even in the latter years of middle age, to reach new levels of accomplishment. My greatest achievement will, however, always be the family with which I am blessed. Finally, I dedicate this work to the victims of the Nazi era whose lives could have been saved had the world acknowledged, cared about and acted upon the coming catastrophe. I honor those exceptional individuals and institutions, the
Page 1: University of South Florida Scholar
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
Page 11 and 12: maintain that the conference was se
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
Page 15 and 16: The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
Page 17 and 18: Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
Page 19 and 20: League High Commissioner Sir Neill
Page 21 and 22: PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
Page 23 and 24: 1933, approved the Enabling Act or
Page 25 and 26: owners and laborers and offered pol
Page 27 and 28: The second phase of emigration was
Page 29 and 30: derived population. An Immigrants S
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
Page 33 and 34: trust and loyalty.” Such actions
Page 35 and 36: Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
Page 37 and 38: egulations had been introduced slow
Page 39 and 40: into the economic, cultural and pol
Page 41 and 42: Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
Page 43 and 44: converting Jewish firms into Aryan
Page 45 and 46: from academic institutions and who
Page 47 and 48: Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
Page 49 and 50: with a struggle with “cold, hardh
Page 51 and 52: immigration of Austrian refugees at
Page 53 and 54:
those who might quite easily slip i
Page 55 and 56:
economic, labor, social and racial
Page 57 and 58:
and those “’clandestine’ fore
Page 59 and 60:
epublic; a number exceeding Austral
Page 61 and 62:
first secretary of the Embassy in W
Page 63 and 64:
argued that the failure of the Grea
Page 65 and 66:
FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
Page 67 and 68:
escue effort; a project based not o
Page 69 and 70:
Germany who had been granted perman
Page 71 and 72:
Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
Page 73 and 74:
anticipated (and which proved to be
Page 75 and 76:
nations Governing Body under the le
Page 77 and 78:
1933 Convention on Refugees restric
Page 79 and 80:
States…had scarcely taken any.”
Page 81 and 82:
McDonald’s relinquishment of his
Page 83 and 84:
support from private parties and, a
Page 85 and 86:
was predictable that “there was n
Page 87 and 88:
located in the spa town of Evian-Le
Page 89 and 90:
enacted a Federal program of compre
Page 91 and 92:
TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
Page 93 and 94:
Consequently, he recommended that R
Page 95 and 96:
attitude” the American Government
Page 97 and 98:
clearly demonstrated to the America
Page 99 and 100:
countries that would be facilitated
Page 101 and 102:
influenced by the opinion of social
Page 103 and 104:
struggle to save “human souls”
Page 105 and 106:
Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
Page 107 and 108:
and potential candidate for the Ber
Page 109 and 110:
George Rublee, who would be later s
Page 111 and 112:
function and scope lest the Eastern
Page 113 and 114:
much emphasis would then be placed
Page 115 and 116:
Rumania and the Union of South Afri
Page 117 and 118:
attendance was declined by the Ital
Page 119 and 120:
y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
Page 121 and 122:
served as a signpost on the road to
Page 123 and 124:
viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
Page 125 and 126:
means of forcing them to leave…ha
Page 127 and 128:
the world.” 179 On January 25 the
Page 129 and 130:
and the establishment of quotas for
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
Page 133 and 134:
Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
Page 135 and 136:
Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
Page 137 and 138:
kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
Page 139 and 140:
elieved that the current quota allo
Page 141 and 142:
with gentle words, to obscure the J
Page 143 and 144:
communism (which he postulated was
Page 145 and 146:
would foster “enmity and suspicio
Page 147 and 148:
Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
Page 149 and 150:
weeks prior to the opening of the E
Page 151 and 152:
feared the “unrestricted entry”
Page 153 and 154:
no longer survives.” 65 Another F
Page 155 and 156:
position for such a small minority.
Page 157 and 158:
Some foreign circles regarded Roose
Page 159 and 160:
Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
Page 161 and 162:
The editor of the Palestinian paper
Page 163 and 164:
offend the Jews rather than the Ara
Page 165 and 166:
the congress with little “enthusi
Page 167 and 168:
The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
Page 169 and 170:
“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
Page 171 and 172:
conference. The one remaining detai
Page 173 and 174:
working group. Consequently, they w
Page 175 and 176:
devise a “long-range program of [
Page 177 and 178:
territories on to which resettlemen
Page 179 and 180:
the Colonies and especially the Eas
Page 181 and 182:
Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
Page 183 and 184:
The Evian Conference was not an “
Page 185 and 186:
1938 that the stability of the nati
Page 187 and 188:
Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
Page 189 and 190:
efugees. Belgium had been a signato
Page 191 and 192:
White, however, enjoyed the backing
Page 193 and 194:
“British through and through.”
Page 195 and 196:
The Nationalist Socialist Christian
Page 197 and 198:
experience” Jewish immigration ha
Page 199 and 200:
concept. His participation represen
Page 201 and 202:
“enemy aliens” that remained in
Page 203 and 204:
hatred” comparable to German “p
Page 205 and 206:
ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
Page 207 and 208:
hypocrisy would become readily appa
Page 209 and 210:
would “only be raising false hope
Page 211 and 212:
Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
Page 213 and 214:
“Intellectuals or traders, middle
Page 215 and 216:
elieved that Jews should not be exc
Page 217 and 218:
Administration required the present
Page 219 and 220:
problems “similar to those which
Page 221 and 222:
action would occur at a “rate app
Page 223 and 224:
The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
Page 225 and 226:
humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
Page 227 and 228:
Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
Page 229 and 230:
mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
Page 233 and 234:
“planned” mass migration was pr
Page 235 and 236:
there were political views which ca
Page 237 and 238:
Secretariat and his avoidance of in
Page 239 and 240:
“racial persecutees” who were p
Page 241 and 242:
suitable for mass migration. Since
Page 243 and 244:
After the Anschluss the number of r
Page 245 and 246:
collusion of the Viennese police an
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
Page 249 and 250:
system of emigration, temporary tra
Page 251 and 252:
on the refugee problem but was turn
Page 253 and 254:
ut only gradually and without utili
Page 255 and 256:
efugees whose residency permits had
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
Page 259 and 260:
attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
Page 261 and 262:
more “fitting” locations which
Page 263 and 264:
Many governments recognized early o
Page 265 and 266:
Some sources suggested that this ra
Page 267 and 268:
130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
Page 269 and 270:
community’s call for aid to their
Page 271 and 272:
organizations] that there was “ve
Page 273 and 274:
Jewish groups themselves could not
Page 275 and 276:
that was “old, elitist [and] give
Page 277 and 278:
economic absorptive capacity of the
Page 279 and 280:
wanted to be heard, so there was no
Page 281 and 282:
Various members of the Anglo-Britis
Page 283 and 284:
tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
Page 285 and 286:
Conference represented the first in
Page 287 and 288:
A Belgian paper described the concl
Page 289 and 290:
The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
Page 291 and 292:
Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
Page 293 and 294:
anti-Semitic policies before the
Page 295 and 296:
to pass on the burden to the other.
Page 297 and 298:
significant obstacles in the paths
Page 299 and 300:
the receiving countries” but it w
Page 301 and 302:
efugees to retain sufficient resour
Page 303 and 304:
government” was faced with the Un
Page 305 and 306:
in the “political baiting and eco
Page 307 and 308:
opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
Page 309 and 310:
later. 156 Skran asserted that the
Page 311 and 312:
…Should not the outside world be
Page 313 and 314:
Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
Page 315 and 316:
This committee was to operate separ
Page 317 and 318:
advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
Page 319 and 320:
that was the genesis of the “mise
Page 321 and 322:
of extortion: Germany expected “t
Page 323 and 324:
Ultimately, the activities of the I
Page 325 and 326:
negotiate but the British and Frenc
Page 327 and 328:
were limited to “handsome speeche
Page 329 and 330:
it was the formal discussion of alt
Page 331 and 332:
summit as a means of deflecting any
Page 333 and 334:
delegate rationalized why his natio
Page 335 and 336:
into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
Page 337 and 338:
Administration and was not averse t
Page 339 and 340:
anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
Page 341 and 342:
laws from the House and Senate by i
Page 343 and 344:
and resettle the refugees but with
Page 345 and 346:
America and Africa. 69 Others have
Page 347 and 348:
new domestic programs. Emphasis on
Page 349 and 350:
enthusiasm for colonization schemes
Page 351 and 352:
Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
Page 353 and 354:
nations, and, recognizing that he l
Page 355 and 356:
throughout Latin America; an Americ
Page 357 and 358:
Jews. The patriotic organizations s
Page 359 and 360:
was to facilitate the resettlement
Page 361 and 362:
eluctance or outright refusal of th
Page 363 and 364:
“The boat people.” “The land
Page 365 and 366:
Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 367 and 368:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Page 369 and 370:
“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372:
Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
Page 373 and 374:
SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376:
the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378:
Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380:
1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382:
Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
Page 383 and 384:
Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385 and 386:
CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
Page 387 and 388:
Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
Page 389 and 390:
http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
Page 391 and 392:
“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
Page 393 and 394:
“The Response of the New Zealand
Page 395 and 396:
1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
Page 397 and 398:
APPENDICES 385
Page 399 and 400:
Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
Page 401 and 402:
APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
Page 403 and 404:
Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
Page 405 and 406:
6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
Page 407 and 408:
APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
Page 409 and 410:
The following table shows in Swiss
Page 411:
had several opportunities to addres
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