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situation of the German Jews.” 7 Palestinian Christian churches favored restraining Jewish immigration due to a desire to appease the Arabs in their congregations, to avert any “decline in the importance of Christian influence and institutions in the Holy Land” and to continue “missionary work” and other projects. They believed partition would interfere with their proselytizing and other Christian Church activities. The Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem and other clerics believed that the Mandate could not accommodate further Jewish immigration as a means of solving the refugee crisis and blamed the entry of Jews during 1935 as the cause of the Arab Revolt. Since that time, the Bishop claimed, “Palestine had known no peace.” 8 The Roman Catholic Church was opposed both to the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and any Jewish immigration into the Holy Land. Archbishop Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, a special representative of Pope Pius XI to Washington, informed Myron C. Taylor (June 22, 1943), during his role of special American Emissary to the Vatican, that while it was historically true that the land had at one time been occupied by Jews, there were no historical precedents for the resettlement of a people to an area they had departed 1,900 years earlier. If the goal was the creation of a “Hebrew Home” then there were 7 Daily Telegraph, October 31, 1933 cited in Andrew Sharf, The British Press and Jews under Nazi Rule (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 183. 8 Consul General in Jerusalem George Wadsworth to Hull, October 26, 1938, 867.01/1295, FRUS vol.11, Britain, The Commonwealth, Europe, Near East and Africa, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955), 969-974. The dispatch included an “open letter” published in The Times, September 22, 1938, which was signed by Christian clergy in Jerusalem calling for protection of the Churches’ interests in Palestine as well opposition to partition and continued Jewish immigration. There arguments centered upon four basic themes: 1. Palestine is too small of an area to “solve the European Jewish problem” and any solution should not be at the “expense” of Christians or the “Arabs of Palestine.” 2. The Jewish (and Zionist) “claim to Palestine on the basis of prophecy is declared in the New Testament to have been abrogated.” 3. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 made conflicting promises and was too “vague in its form of expression.” 4. Palestine is the seat of three major religions; not just Jewish and Muslim. This dispatch also included demographic information regarding the Christian population of Palestine and made reference to fears of anti-Christian repercussions should Jewish immigration increase or partition occur. 248
more “fitting” locations which would avert “grave [and] new territorial problems.” An editorialist had written in the aftermath of Kristallnacht that the issue of Jewish suffering and Palestine was purely “sentimental and coincidental.” Despite the needs of humanitarianism British commitments in Palestine could not remain open ended or be “influenced by the malefactions of certain European States” towards their Jewish population. 9 9 Jerusalem Post July 6, 1999, 6. 249
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
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The second phase of emigration was
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derived population. An Immigrants S
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Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
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trust and loyalty.” Such actions
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Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
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egulations had been introduced slow
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into the economic, cultural and pol
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Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
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converting Jewish firms into Aryan
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from academic institutions and who
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Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
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with a struggle with “cold, hardh
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immigration of Austrian refugees at
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those who might quite easily slip i
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economic, labor, social and racial
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and those “’clandestine’ fore
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epublic; a number exceeding Austral
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first secretary of the Embassy in W
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argued that the failure of the Grea
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FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
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escue effort; a project based not o
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Germany who had been granted perman
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Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
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anticipated (and which proved to be
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nations Governing Body under the le
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1933 Convention on Refugees restric
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States…had scarcely taken any.”
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McDonald’s relinquishment of his
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support from private parties and, a
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was predictable that “there was n
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located in the spa town of Evian-Le
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enacted a Federal program of compre
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TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
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Consequently, he recommended that R
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attitude” the American Government
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clearly demonstrated to the America
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countries that would be facilitated
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influenced by the opinion of social
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struggle to save “human souls”
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Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
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and potential candidate for the Ber
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George Rublee, who would be later s
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function and scope lest the Eastern
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much emphasis would then be placed
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Rumania and the Union of South Afri
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attendance was declined by the Ital
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y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
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served as a signpost on the road to
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viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
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means of forcing them to leave…ha
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the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
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Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
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The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
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The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
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the Colonies and especially the Eas
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Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
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The Evian Conference was not an “
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1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
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White, however, enjoyed the backing
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“British through and through.”
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The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
Page 209 and 210: would “only be raising false hope
Page 211 and 212: Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
Page 213 and 214: “Intellectuals or traders, middle
Page 215 and 216: elieved that Jews should not be exc
Page 217 and 218: Administration required the present
Page 219 and 220: problems “similar to those which
Page 221 and 222: action would occur at a “rate app
Page 223 and 224: The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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Page 227 and 228: Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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Page 231 and 232: Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
Page 233 and 234: “planned” mass migration was pr
Page 235 and 236: there were political views which ca
Page 237 and 238: Secretariat and his avoidance of in
Page 239 and 240: “racial persecutees” who were p
Page 241 and 242: suitable for mass migration. Since
Page 243 and 244: After the Anschluss the number of r
Page 245 and 246: collusion of the Viennese police an
Page 247 and 248: Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
Page 249 and 250: system of emigration, temporary tra
Page 251 and 252: on the refugee problem but was turn
Page 253 and 254: ut only gradually and without utili
Page 255 and 256: efugees whose residency permits had
Page 257 and 258: Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
Page 259: attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
Page 263 and 264: Many governments recognized early o
Page 265 and 266: Some sources suggested that this ra
Page 267 and 268: 130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
Page 269 and 270: community’s call for aid to their
Page 271 and 272: organizations] that there was “ve
Page 273 and 274: Jewish groups themselves could not
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Page 277 and 278: economic absorptive capacity of the
Page 279 and 280: wanted to be heard, so there was no
Page 281 and 282: Various members of the Anglo-Britis
Page 283 and 284: tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
Page 285 and 286: Conference represented the first in
Page 287 and 288: A Belgian paper described the concl
Page 289 and 290: The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Page 293 and 294: anti-Semitic policies before the
Page 295 and 296: to pass on the burden to the other.
Page 297 and 298: significant obstacles in the paths
Page 299 and 300: the receiving countries” but it w
Page 301 and 302: efugees to retain sufficient resour
Page 303 and 304: government” was faced with the Un
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Page 309 and 310: later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
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Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
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This committee was to operate separ
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advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
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of extortion: Germany expected “t
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Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
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were limited to “handsome speeche
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it was the formal discussion of alt
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summit as a means of deflecting any
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delegate rationalized why his natio
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into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Administration and was not averse t
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anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
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laws from the House and Senate by i
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and resettle the refugees but with
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America and Africa. 69 Others have
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new domestic programs. Emphasis on
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enthusiasm for colonization schemes
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Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
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nations, and, recognizing that he l
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throughout Latin America; an Americ
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Jews. The patriotic organizations s
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was to facilitate the resettlement
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eluctance or outright refusal of th
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“The boat people.” “The land
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Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
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“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
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Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
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SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
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the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
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Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
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1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
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Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
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Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
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CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
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Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
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http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
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“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
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“The Response of the New Zealand
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1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
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APPENDICES 385
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Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
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APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
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Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
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6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
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APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
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The following table shows in Swiss
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had several opportunities to addres
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