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to conduct negotiations with foreign governments to provide temporary or permanent havens. Although James G. McDonald was named to this position by the League his salary and expenses were funded by non-governmental private Jewish organizations. Secretary-General Joseph Avenol informed McDonald that the initial 25,000 Swiss francs provided by the League to the High Commission was to be regarded merely as a loan to fund and establish operations that would have to be repaid within one year. 21 In addition, McDonald would report directly to a special Governing Body composed of nations that were deemed likely to accept refugees rather than to the League Assembly as a whole. 22 With the exceptions of French Senator Henry Bérenger, the American Joseph Chamberlain and the British Sir Robert Cecil the Governing Board was composed of low level professional diplomats assigned to the League in Geneva, who, according to Norman Bentwich, “knew little, cared little, and wanted to do as little as possible about the cause.” 23 The democratic European powers had, by this time, concluded that oversaturation mandated resettlement beyond the borders of Europe, funded by private sources. Bérenger countered Chamberlain’s justification of the restrictive quota system of the United States by noting that “hard times were universal, so was the problem…Whereas, France was caring for nearly half the refugees, the United 21 Claudena M. Skran, "Profiles of the First Two Commissioners" Journal of Refugee Studies 1, no. 3/4 (1988): 277-95. 22 Simpson, The Refugee Problem, 216; Barbara McDonald Stewart, United States Government Policy on Refugees from Nazism, 1933-1940 (NY: Garland Publishing, 1962), 99. 23 Norman Bentwich, My 77 Years: An Account of My Life and Times, 1883-1960 (London: Routledge, 1962), 131. 66
States…had scarcely taken any.” 24 The Roosevelt Administration had announced, in March 1938, the consolidation of the annual German and Austrian immigration quota but would not liberalize it policies to admit larger numbers; a stance that would resonate throughout the Evian Conference. Consequently, the Governing Board accomplished very little prompting McDonald to resign his position during December 1935. His resignation letter severely criticized the League for its “diplomatic correctness” that prevented the rescue of Jews who faced “demoralization and exile.” “Common humanity,” he believed, expressed through the actions of the League Assembly, member states and global public opinion would “avert the existing and impending tragedies.” The separation of the High Commission from the body of the League had fatally weakened the effectiveness of his office. 25 Therefore, the catastrophic conditions facing the refugees from Germany mandated “reconsideration by the League…of the entire situation…” 26 He acknowledged that the League and private relief organizations could “only mitigate a problem of growing gravity and complexity.” Since European nations would only accept limited numbers of stateless refugees the solution of the problem could only be “tackled at its 24 Stewart, United States Government Policy, 120. 25 Norman Bentwich, The Refugees from Germany, in S. Adler-Rudel, “The Evian Conference on the Refugee Question,” Year Book XIII of the Leo Baeck Institute (London: 1968), 268; “Letter of Resignation of James G. McDonald” December 27, 1935 C1538 20A-80732-22873, ix, League of Nations Archives cited in Richard Breitman, Barbara McDonald Steward and Severin Hochberg, Refugees and Rescue: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald 1935-1945 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2009), 102. Other entities such as the Nansen Office of the League of Nations and the Migration Bureau of the International Labor League also encountered similar difficulties and lack of success. 26 James G. McDonald, The German Refugees and the League of Nations (London: Friends of Europe, 1936), 5-12. 67
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University of South Florida Scholar
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mao Tse-Tung once w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AB
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Jewish Occu
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maintain that the conference was se
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INTRODUCTION On Rosh Hashanah it is
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The Evian Conference, the Wagner-Ro
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Part I, “The Gathering Storm,”
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League High Commissioner Sir Neill
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PART 1: GATHERING STORM Chapter 1
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1933, approved the Enabling Act or
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owners and laborers and offered pol
Page 27 and 28: The second phase of emigration was
Page 29 and 30: derived population. An Immigrants S
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 ANSCHLUSS: “The Leader
Page 33 and 34: trust and loyalty.” Such actions
Page 35 and 36: Victory!) and “One Reich, One Peo
Page 37 and 38: egulations had been introduced slow
Page 39 and 40: into the economic, cultural and pol
Page 41 and 42: Privileges in 1624 as a ghetto and
Page 43 and 44: converting Jewish firms into Aryan
Page 45 and 46: from academic institutions and who
Page 47 and 48: Vluchtelingen), claimed that the or
Page 49 and 50: with a struggle with “cold, hardh
Page 51 and 52: immigration of Austrian refugees at
Page 53 and 54: those who might quite easily slip i
Page 55 and 56: economic, labor, social and racial
Page 57 and 58: and those “’clandestine’ fore
Page 59 and 60: epublic; a number exceeding Austral
Page 61 and 62: first secretary of the Embassy in W
Page 63 and 64: argued that the failure of the Grea
Page 65 and 66: FDR’s receptiveness to such an id
Page 67 and 68: escue effort; a project based not o
Page 69 and 70: Germany who had been granted perman
Page 71 and 72: Bolivia) and 18,000 to the port of
Page 73 and 74: anticipated (and which proved to be
Page 75 and 76: nations Governing Body under the le
Page 77: 1933 Convention on Refugees restric
Page 81 and 82: McDonald’s relinquishment of his
Page 83 and 84: support from private parties and, a
Page 85 and 86: was predictable that “there was n
Page 87 and 88: located in the spa town of Evian-Le
Page 89 and 90: enacted a Federal program of compre
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5: Immigration 1851-1950 Year
Page 93 and 94: Consequently, he recommended that R
Page 95 and 96: attitude” the American Government
Page 97 and 98: clearly demonstrated to the America
Page 99 and 100: countries that would be facilitated
Page 101 and 102: influenced by the opinion of social
Page 103 and 104: struggle to save “human souls”
Page 105 and 106: Germany. The Fuehrer warned that if
Page 107 and 108: and potential candidate for the Ber
Page 109 and 110: George Rublee, who would be later s
Page 111 and 112: function and scope lest the Eastern
Page 113 and 114: much emphasis would then be placed
Page 115 and 116: Rumania and the Union of South Afri
Page 117 and 118: attendance was declined by the Ital
Page 119 and 120: y the Versailles Treaties. 155 The
Page 121 and 122: served as a signpost on the road to
Page 123 and 124: viewed the Sinai Desert, Transjorda
Page 125 and 126: means of forcing them to leave…ha
Page 127 and 128: the world.” 179 On January 25 the
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and the establishment of quotas for
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Chapter 4 “Firmly Fixed American
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Conservative Rabbi Simon Greenberg
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Minister Neville Chamberlain and Fo
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kinds [left] no doubt” that the A
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elieved that the current quota allo
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with gentle words, to obscure the J
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communism (which he postulated was
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would foster “enmity and suspicio
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Michigan Representative Clare E. Ho
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weeks prior to the opening of the E
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feared the “unrestricted entry”
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no longer survives.” 65 Another F
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position for such a small minority.
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Some foreign circles regarded Roose
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Banker Max Warburg opposed mass res
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The editor of the Palestinian paper
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offend the Jews rather than the Ara
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the congress with little “enthusi
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The first, the Technical Sub-Commit
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“exemplary efficiency and dispatc
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conference. The one remaining detai
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working group. Consequently, they w
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devise a “long-range program of [
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territories on to which resettlemen
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the Colonies and especially the Eas
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Unlimited Jewish migration into Pal
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The Evian Conference was not an “
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1938 that the stability of the nati
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Indochina or Madagascar, to the cla
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efugees. Belgium had been a signato
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White, however, enjoyed the backing
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“British through and through.”
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The Nationalist Socialist Christian
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experience” Jewish immigration ha
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concept. His participation represen
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“enemy aliens” that remained in
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hatred” comparable to German “p
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ut approximately 39,400 Jews entere
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hypocrisy would become readily appa
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would “only be raising false hope
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Jésus Maria Yepes of Columbia asse
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“Intellectuals or traders, middle
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elieved that Jews should not be exc
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Administration required the present
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problems “similar to those which
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action would occur at a “rate app
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The delegate from Paraguay, Garcia
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humanitarian sentiments of the Evia
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Years later, Luis Hess, a German re
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mule and a horse. When Trujillo lat
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Chapter 7 “Great Human Tragedy”
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“planned” mass migration was pr
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there were political views which ca
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Secretariat and his avoidance of in
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“racial persecutees” who were p
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suitable for mass migration. Since
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After the Anschluss the number of r
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collusion of the Viennese police an
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Chapter 9 Days Nine and Ten “Seri
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system of emigration, temporary tra
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on the refugee problem but was turn
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ut only gradually and without utili
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efugees whose residency permits had
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Chapter 10 Palestine “Waste of Ti
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attending the meeting. Chaim Weizma
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more “fitting” locations which
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Many governments recognized early o
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Some sources suggested that this ra
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130,000 slots allocated to the Germ
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community’s call for aid to their
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organizations] that there was “ve
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Jewish groups themselves could not
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that was “old, elitist [and] give
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economic absorptive capacity of the
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wanted to be heard, so there was no
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Various members of the Anglo-Britis
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tangible humanitarian actions. 61 R
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Conference represented the first in
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A Belgian paper described the concl
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The American Jewish Committee (AJC)
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Embassy and how the elite of “Bri
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anti-Semitic policies before the
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to pass on the burden to the other.
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significant obstacles in the paths
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the receiving countries” but it w
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efugees to retain sufficient resour
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government” was faced with the Un
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in the “political baiting and eco
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opportunity offers.” 147 “Aside
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later. 156 Skran asserted that the
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…Should not the outside world be
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Chapter 12 Intergovernmental Commit
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This committee was to operate separ
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advised the U.S. Ambassador to Pola
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that was the genesis of the “mise
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of extortion: Germany expected “t
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Ultimately, the activities of the I
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negotiate but the British and Frenc
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were limited to “handsome speeche
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it was the formal discussion of alt
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summit as a means of deflecting any
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delegate rationalized why his natio
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into Christian society. 39 Shlomo K
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Administration and was not averse t
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anti-Semitic undercurrents may have
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laws from the House and Senate by i
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and resettle the refugees but with
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America and Africa. 69 Others have
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new domestic programs. Emphasis on
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enthusiasm for colonization schemes
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Conrad Black, one of Roosevelt’s
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nations, and, recognizing that he l
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throughout Latin America; an Americ
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Jews. The patriotic organizations s
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was to facilitate the resettlement
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eluctance or outright refusal of th
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“The boat people.” “The land
Page 365 and 366:
Treves, Sir Frederick. The Lake of
Page 367 and 368:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Page 369 and 370:
“The Diaries of William Lyon Mack
Page 371 and 372:
Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Confer
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SECONDARY SOURCES Books Abella, Irv
Page 375 and 376:
the War against Nazi Germany. New Y
Page 377 and 378:
Fahmeir, Andreas, Olivier Faron and
Page 379 and 380:
1972). Howard, Thomas C. and Willia
Page 381 and 382:
Loescher, Gil. The UNHCR and World
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Noakes Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham.
Page 385 and 386:
CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Spitzer,
Page 387 and 388:
Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rose
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http://isurvived.org/4Debates/Exhib
Page 391 and 392:
“Palestine Office,” Jewish Virt
Page 393 and 394:
“The Response of the New Zealand
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1938.” Yad Vashem Studies 9 (1973
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APPENDICES 385
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Marrus (1940-45) 58,000 (Together,
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APPENDIX B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF UNAS
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Alliance israélite universelle (Pa
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6. Welcoming heartily the initiativ
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APPENDIX E JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
Page 409 and 410:
The following table shows in Swiss
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had several opportunities to addres
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