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Figure 4.1. A Representative Blueprint of the National Socialist “Origin Myth.” Prehistoric and historic periods are used in this “ontogeny” of the Germanic people: Time of Becoming, Time of Maturation, Time of Struggle, Time of Suffering/Testing, Time of Self-Awakening (Ströbel 1935).
100 essentializing difference at the very bottom of the diagram). In effect, the diagram is a simplified blueprint for the construction of notions of cultural difference and genetic superiority, aimed at the impressionable minds of schoolchildren. The “Proto-Germanic” period of National Socialist archaeologists is represented by the Werdezeit (Time of Becoming) phase in Ströbel’s diagram. The geographically designated racial “core” of the German people at this time is represented by the middle column, entitled Norddeutschland, the home of the Nordisch-Fälisches Urvolk (Nordic-Phalian Ur-Peoples). According to Ströbel’s blueprint, some of these “pure” Nordic people migrated out of their northern European homeland into regions to the south and east during what he calls the “Indo-Germanic Land-Taking.” The rest remained in the northern core, where they presumably kept the home fires burning pure through the centuries that followed. Threats to racial homogeneity and “Nordic” cultural dominance are associated throughout the diagram with the south and east, whence are found Andersrassige Völker (literally “Other-racial, that is, non-Nordic Peoples”). So-called Mischvölker (literally “mixed peoples”) include the Celts and the Northern Illyrians. Significantly, most of the arrows that Ströbel uses to illustrate migration radiate out of the Nordic-Germanic core rather than into it; the first incursion is represented by the Romans around the time of the birth of Christ. Not coincidentally, the Roman conquest also marks the appearance of the first historical records in northern Europe, less easily manipulated than the archaeological record of prehistoric times—hence the first indication in the diagram of outside influence within the “Germanic core.” This unidirectional representation of cultural and genetic influences on the evolution of the “Germanic” people appears repeatedly in German archaeological publications of the 1930s and 1940s. A particularly good example, applied to the penultimate symbol of German National Socialism, is Jörg Lechler’s 1934 diagram (Figure 4.2) purporting to show the origins and distribution of the swastika (Lechler 1934). The period designated as “High Germanic” represents what archaeologists today would call the late Iron Age, when Germanic-speaking peoples are first documented historically as well as archaeologically within and outside the boundaries of the Roman empire in west-central Europe. This corresponds to the period designated as the Kampfzeit (Time of Struggle) in Figure 4.1. The four preceding “cultural phases” are neither linguistically nor culturally identifiable as “Germanic” but are defined as Celtic (early Bronze Age through the Roman period) or pre- Celtic, Indo-European-speaking peoples (Mesolithic through the late Neolithic) by both linguists and archaeologists today (Zvelebil 1996). The year A.D. 800 was chosen by National Socialist archaeologists (and by Ströbel) as the division between the supposedly uncompromised cultural and biological development of the German people (apart from the Roman influence) and the “Post-Germanic” period because it marked a historical event that had symbolic as well as political significance for National Socialist ideologues: in that year Charles the Great, king of the Franks, was crowned in Aachen by Pope Leo III and became
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Annihilating Difference
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Annihilating Difference The Anthrop
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list of figures and tables ⁄ vii
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figures and tables FIGURES 4.1. A R
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foreword Anthropologists and human
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foreword xi erful against the parti
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xiv acknowledgments My deepest grat
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2 the dark side of modernity Some o
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6 the dark side of modernity across
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36 the dark side of modernity 24. M
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38 the dark side of modernity Hall,
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2 Genocide against Indigenous Peopl
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genocide against indigenous peoples
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genocide against indigenous peoples
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8 Averted Gaze Genocide in Bosnia-H
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part four Genocide’s Wake Trauma,
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Figure 9.5. “Self-Empowerment thr
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Figure 9.7. “Nazis Out!”: Antif
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256 genocide’s wake Figure 9.8.
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Figure 9.9. “Annihilate the Brown
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266 genocide’s wake NOTES This ch
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10 Aftermaths of Genocide Cambodian
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11 Terror, Grief, and Recovery Geno
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312 genocide’s wake The Genocide
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13 Inoculations of Evil in the U.S.
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coming to our senses 349 the righte
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coming to our senses 353 ber. This
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Figure 14.1. Portrait of Ishi, Augu
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coming to our senses 359 His Tribe
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coming to our senses 361 When Kroeb
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coming to our senses 363 with great
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coming to our senses 365 tional Par
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coming to our senses 367 small grou
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coming to our senses 369 ing the ta
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coming to our senses 371 Denial is
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coming to our senses 373 workers. E
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coming to our senses 375 burying th
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coming to our senses 377 ———.
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coming to our senses 379 Jaspers, K
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coming to our senses 381 Smith, Car
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culture, genocide, and a public ant
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398 contributors transformations in
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400 contributors Gretchen E. Schaff
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402 index California Indians: viole
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404 index Manz, Beatriz, 24-25 Mars
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Text: 10/12 Monotype Baskerville Di
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