The Anthropology Of Genocide - WNLibrary

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developed/underdeveloped adult/childlike nurturing/dependent normal/abnormal subject/object human/subhuman reason/passion culture/nature male/female mind/body objective/subjective knowledge/ignorance science/magic truth/superstition master/slave good/evil moral/sinful believers/pagans pure/impure order/disorder law/uncontrolled justice/arbitrariness active/passive wealthy/poor nation-state/nonstate spaces strong/weak dominant/subordinate conqueror/conquered toward an anthropology of genocide 9 In this volume, the chapters by Maybury-Lewis and Totten, Parsons, and Hitchcock (see also Arnold, this volume) illustrate how such binary oppositions of modernity have been and continue to be invoked to legitimate abuses perpetrated against indigenous peoples. 17 Maybury-Lewis’s essay, “Genocide against Indigenous Peoples,” notes that, while we will never know the exact numbers, somewhere between thirty and fifty million (or more) indigenous people—roughly 80 percent—perished from the time of first contact to their population low points in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (see also Bodley 1999). Because of the technological and military su
10 the dark side of modernity periority of European imperialists, various indigenous peoples stood little chance of resisting their advance and exploitative policies, particularly when coupled with the devastating effects of disease. As Maybury-Lewis points out, not all of the devastation was caused by genocide. Indigenous peoples perished from European diseases to which they had no resistance, from forced labor, from starvation caused by their loss of land and the disruption of their traditional ways of life, and from outright murder. Some of the deaths were intentionally perpetrated; others were caused indirectly. Maybury-Lewis describes how the inhumane and genocidal treatment of indigenous peoples was often framed in metanarratives of modernity, particularly the notion of “progress.” Thus, the annihilation of Tasmanians was legitimated as an attempt to “bring them to civilization,” and Theodore Roosevelt justified the westward expansion of the United States by arguing that the land should not remain “a game preserve for squalid savages.” Likewise, General Roca, who led the infamous “Conquest of the Desert” against indigenous Indians, told his fellow Argentineans that “our self-respect as a virile people obliges us to put down as soon as possible, by reason or by force, this handful of savages who destroy our wealth and prevent us from definitively occupying, in the name of law, progress and our own security, the richest and most fertile lands of the Republic” (Maybury-Lewis, this volume). Similar arguments were made to legitimate the massacre of thousands of Herero. As Maybury-Lewis highlights, the perpetrators’ greed and cruelty is astounding and, often, sickening. In the above examples, indigenous peoples were displaced and killed for their land. In other instances, they were terrorized into performing slave labor. Rubber-plantation owners in South America and the Congo were particularly brutal; they held relatives of the workers as hostages, raped women, tortured and maimed the recalcitrant, and sometimes abused and killed simply for amusement (see also Taussig 1987). In more recent times, indigenous peoples have been devastated by another metanarrative of modernity—discourses asserting the need for “development.” The “development” of Nigeria’s oil resources (through the collaboration of the government and multinational companies such as Shell), for example, has led to massive environmental damage and the enormous suffering of the Ogoni who reside in oil-rich areas (see also Totten, Parsons, and Hitchcock, this volume). In his own work at Cultural Survival, Maybury-Lewis continues to inform the public about the suffering of indigenous peoples around the globe, including contemporary cases in which states have waged war against indigenous peoples within their borders who have resisted—or been perceived as resisting—the state’s authority (for example, the Naga of India, various non-Burmese peoples, Guatemalan Mayans, and Sudanese Christians). Maybury-Lewis’s chapter concludes by summarizing some of the factors that have contributed to the genocide of indigenous peoples— the resources of the land upon which they live, extreme dehumanization, marginality and political weakness, and metanarratives of modernity. Perhaps, he suggests, the plight of indigenous peoples will improve in an era of globalization as nationstates are increasingly reorganized along more pluralist lines.
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4 Justifying Genocide Archaeology a
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justifying genocide 101 Figure 4.2.
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justifying genocide 103 1995:90-96)
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justifying genocide 107 tions (McMa
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justifying genocide 109 USSR and Yu
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justifying genocide 111 discussion
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justifying genocide 113 Arnold, Bet
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justifying genocide 115 Ligi, Priit
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5 Scientific Racism in Service of t
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part four Genocide’s Wake Trauma,
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10 Aftermaths of Genocide Cambodian
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11 Terror, Grief, and Recovery Geno
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13 Inoculations of Evil in the U.S.
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coming to our senses 349 the righte
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coming to our senses 359 His Tribe
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culture, genocide, and a public ant
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398 contributors transformations in
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400 contributors Gretchen E. Schaff
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402 index California Indians: viole
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404 index Manz, Beatriz, 24-25 Mars
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