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4 L. Bauwens et al.<br />

but provides also an answer to practitioners’ concerns relative to the measurement<br />

<strong>of</strong> market risk.<br />

Hall and Hautsch study the determ<strong>in</strong>ants <strong>of</strong> order aggressiveness and traders’<br />

order submission strategy <strong>in</strong> an open limit order book market. Apply<strong>in</strong>g an order<br />

classification scheme, they model the most aggressive market orders, limit orders<br />

as well as cancellations on both sides <strong>of</strong> the market employ<strong>in</strong>g a six-dimensional<br />

autoregressive conditional <strong>in</strong>tensity model. Us<strong>in</strong>g order book data from the Australian<br />

Stock Exchange, they f<strong>in</strong>d that market depth, the queued volume, the bid-ask<br />

spread, <strong>recent</strong> volatility, as well as <strong>recent</strong> changes <strong>in</strong> both the order flow and the<br />

price play an important role <strong>in</strong> expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the determ<strong>in</strong>ants <strong>of</strong> order aggressiveness.<br />

Overall, their empirical results broadly confirm theoretical predictions on<br />

limit order book trad<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

Liesenfeld, Nolte, and Pohlmeier develop a dynamic model to capture the fundamental<br />

properties <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ancial prices at the transaction level. They decompose<br />

the price <strong>in</strong> discrete components—direction and size <strong>of</strong> price changes—and, us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

autoregressive mult<strong>in</strong>omial models, they show that the model is well suited to test<br />

some theoretical implications <strong>of</strong> market microstructure theory on the relationship<br />

between price movements and other marks <strong>of</strong> the trad<strong>in</strong>g process.<br />

Intradaily f<strong>in</strong>ancial data is characterized by its dynamic behavior as well by<br />

determ<strong>in</strong>istic seasonal patterns that are due to the market structure. Volatility is<br />

known to be larger at the open<strong>in</strong>g and clos<strong>in</strong>g than dur<strong>in</strong>g the lunch time. Similarly<br />

for f<strong>in</strong>ancial durations: they are shorter at the open<strong>in</strong>g and clos<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>high</strong>er activity at these times <strong>of</strong> the day. Any econometric model should therefore<br />

<strong>in</strong>corporate these features. Rodriguez-Poo, Veredas, and Espasa propose a<br />

semiparametric model for f<strong>in</strong>ancial durations. The dynamics are specified parametrically,<br />

with an ACD type <strong>of</strong> model, while seasonality is left unspecified and hence<br />

nonparametric. Estimation rests on generalized pr<strong>of</strong>ile likelihood, which allows<br />

for jo<strong>in</strong>t estimation <strong>of</strong> the parametric—an ACD type <strong>of</strong> model—and nonparametric<br />

components, provid<strong>in</strong>g consistent and asymptotically normal estimators. It is<br />

possible to derive the explicit form for the nonparametric estimator, simplify<strong>in</strong>g<br />

estimation to a standard maximum likelihood problem.<br />

Tay and T<strong>in</strong>g carry out an empirical analysis us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>high</strong> <strong>frequency</strong> data and more<br />

specifically estimate the distribution <strong>of</strong> price changes conditional on trade volume<br />

and duration between trades. Their ma<strong>in</strong> empirical f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g is that even when controll<strong>in</strong>g<br />

for the trade volume level, duration has an effect on the distribution <strong>of</strong> price<br />

changes, and the <strong>high</strong>er the condition<strong>in</strong>g volume level, the <strong>high</strong>er the impact <strong>of</strong><br />

duration on price changes. The authors f<strong>in</strong>d significant positive (negative) skewness<br />

<strong>in</strong> the distribution <strong>of</strong> price changes <strong>in</strong> buyer (respectively seller)—<strong>in</strong>itiated trades,<br />

and see this f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g as support <strong>of</strong> the Diamond and Verrecchia (1987) analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />

probability <strong>of</strong> large price falls with <strong>high</strong> levels <strong>of</strong> duration. 2 The analysis is carried<br />

out us<strong>in</strong>g up-to-date techniques for the nonparametric estimation <strong>of</strong> conditional<br />

distributions, and outl<strong>in</strong>es a descriptive procedure that can be useful <strong>in</strong> choos<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the specification <strong>of</strong> the relationship between duration, volume, and prices when<br />

perform<strong>in</strong>g a parametric <strong>in</strong>vestigation.<br />

2 Diamond, D.W. and Verrecchia, R.E. (1987), “Constra<strong>in</strong>ts on Short-Sell<strong>in</strong>g and Asset Price<br />

Adjustment to Private Information”, Journal <strong>of</strong> F<strong>in</strong>ancial Economics, 18, 277–311.

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