Space Grant Consortium - University of Wisconsin - Green Bay

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The understanding of Lake Superior is seriously impacted by the scarcity of in situ observations. There are no observations of winter lake temperature below the surface or nutrients to evaluate the model results. Open lake stations are only visited twice yearly by the EPA and could easily miss a significant bloom or mixing event. The data from these twice-yearly cruises must be interpreted with care, since inter-annual variability in lake stratification [Austin and Colman, 2007] and bloom onset exist. Satellite observations provide the only wintertime temperature observations. Algorithms for retrieving lake chlorophyll from satellite observations are currently being developed [Schuchman et al., 2006; Colleen Mouw, personal communication], and as part of this project, we are working together with the algorithm developers (Colleen Mouw, SSEC, Univeristy of Wisconsin-Madison) to improve and evaluate the chlorophyll algorithm for Lake Superior. When finalized, satellites will be able to provide scientists with productivity observations at significantly higher spatial and temporal frequency than is currently possible from direct measurements and help to improve our understanding of Lake Superior’s carbon cycle. References Alin, S. R., and T. C. Johnson (2007), Carbon cycling in large lakes of the world: A \synthesis of production, burial, and lake-atmosphere exchange estimates, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB3002, doi:10.1029/2006GB002881. Assel, R.A. (2003), Great Lakes Ice Cover, First Ice, Last Ice, and Ice Duration: Winters 1973-2002. NOAA TM GLERL-125. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-125/tm-125.pdf Atilla, N., G.A. McKinley, V. Bennington, M. Baehr, N. Urban, A. Desai, and C Wu (2009), Observed variability of Lake Superior pCO2, submitted to Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Austin, J.A. and S.M. Colman (2007), Lake Superior summer water temperatures are increasing more rapidly than regional air temperatures: A positive ice-albedo feedback, Geophys Res. Lett., 34 ,L06604, doi:10.1029/2006GL029021 Beletsky, D., J.H. Saylor, and D.J. Schwab (1999), Mean Circulation in the Great Lakes, J. Great Lakes Res., 25(1), 78-93. Bennington, V., G. A. McKinley, S. Dutkiewicz, and D. Ullman (2009), What does chlorophyll variability tell us about export and air-sea CO2 flux variability in the North Atlantic?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB3002, doi:10.1029/2008GB003241. Chai, Y. and N.R. Urban (2004) 120Po and 210Pb distributions and residence times in the near-shore region of Lake Superior. J. Geophys. Res. 109(C10S07), doi:10.1029/2003JC002081. Cole, J.T., N.F. Caraco, G.W. Kling, and T.K. Kratz (1994), Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes, Science, 265, 5178, 1568-1570. Desai, A.R., A. Noormets, P.V. Bolstad, J. Chen, B.D. Cook, K.J. Davis, E.S. Euskirchen, C.M. Gough, J.M. Martin, D.M. Ricciuto, H.P. Schmid, J. Tang, and W. Wang (2008), Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148(2), 288-308. Dutkiewicz, S., M.J. Follows, and P. Parekh (2005), Interactions of the iron and phosphorous cycles: A threedimensional model study, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB1021, doi:10.1029/2004GB002342. Eppley, R. W. (1972), Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea, Fish. Bull., 70, 1063 – 1085. French, C.R., J.J. Carr, E.M. Dougherty, L.A.K. Eidson, J.C. Reynolds, and M.D. DeGrandpre (2001), Spectrophotometric pH measurements of freshwater, Analytica Chimica Acta, 453, 13-20. Frouin, R., and R.T. Pinker (1995), Estimating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at the Earth’s surface from satellite observations, Remote Sensing of Environment, 51, 98-107. Hsu, S. A. (1986), Correction of land-based wind data for offshore application: A further evaluation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 390–394. Lam, D.C.L. (1978), Simulation of water circulations and chloride transports in Lake Superior for summer 1973, J. Great Lakes Res., 4(3-4), 343-349. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, (1994), Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403. 8
Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey (1997a), A finite volume, incompressible Navier- Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5753-5766. Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft (1997b), Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733-5752. Quinn, F.H. (1992), Hydraulic residence times for the Laurentian Great Lakes, J. Great Lakes Res., 18(1), 22-28. Russ M.E., Ostrom N.E., Gandhi H., Ostrom P.H., and Urban N.R. (2004) Temporal and spatial variations in R:P ratios in Lake Superior, an oligotrophic freshwater environment. J. Geophys. Res. 109(C10S12), doi:10.1029/2003JC001890. Shuchman, R., A. Korosov, et al. (2006), Verification and application of bio-optical algorithm for Lake Michigan using SeaWiFS: a 7-year inter-annual analysis. J. Great Lakes Res., 32: 258-279. Schwab, D.J., and K.W. Bedford (1994), Initial implementation of the Great Lakes Forecasting System: a real-time s ystem for predicting lake circulation and thermal structure. Water Poll. Res. J. Canada, 29:203-220. Schwab, D.J. and D.L. Seller (1996), Computerized Bathymetry and Shorelines of the Great Lakes, NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-16. Smagorinsky, J. (1963), General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I. The basic experiments, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99 –164. Urban N.R., Apul D.S., and Auer M.T. (2004) Planktonic respiration rates in Lake Superior. J Great Lakes Res. 30 (Suppl. 1), 230-244. Urban N.R., Green S.A., Auer M.T., Lu X., Apul D.S., Powell K., and Bub L. (2005) Carbon cycling in Lake Superior. J. Geophys. Res. 110(C6), doi:10.1029/2003JC002230. Urban N.R. (2006a) Carbon Cycling in Lake Superior: A Regional and Ecosystem Perspective. In State of Lake Superior in thet 21 st Century: Health, Integrity, Sustainability, Backhuys Publ. Urban N.R. (2006b) Nutrient Concentrations and cycles in Lake Superior: a retrospective. In State of Lake Superior in the 21 st Century: Health, Integrity, Sustainability, Backhuys Publ. Vollenweider, R.A., M. Munawar, and P. Stadelmann (1974), A comparative review of phytoplankton and primary production in thet Laurentian Great Lakes, J. Fish Res. Bd. Can., 31, 739-762. Wanninkhof, R. (1992), Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys Research, 97, C5, 7373-7382. 9
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Space Grant Consortium wisconsin UN
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THE CASSINI ENCOUNTER WITH THE GEM
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Th he proceedinngs of our 199th Ann
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Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium Un
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Part 3: NASA Reduced Gravity Progra
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EAA Women Soar - You Soar, Lee Siud
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Elijah High Altitude Balloon Projec
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Our experience with the HALO II lau
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which had been a problem in the pas
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Figure 6: 3-D GPS Generated Track o
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Results The seeds tested in the lab
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hour as we assumed the flight in th
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Experimental Results There are two
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A series of tests were done in a co
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380 360 340 320 23.3 Temp. (Celsius
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First Place, Non-Engineering: Schmi
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of the basis for fin designs came f
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ejection charge from the motor fire
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using rip-stop nylon cloth. To atta
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Post-flight recovery. A field searc
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Thus, it is believed that the main
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[2] Public Missiles Ltd. Frequently
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Design Features The chief requireme
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The joint between the dart and the
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Area dramatically influenced by flo
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Altitude [ft] 6000 5000 4000 3000 2
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though a strong crosswind was prese
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Our Design Our rocket uses the basi
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e easily recovered. Bong recreation
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Performance Characteristics of Pred
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Background and Context: Student Roc
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The Rocky Mountain Miners’ compet
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19th Annual Conference Part Three N
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The angle of repose of a granular m
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Experiment Design The experiment co
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on the ground and in the Weightless
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measurements for the 1 − g data.
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[ImageJ, 2008] Image Analysis Softw
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Dynamics Characterization of the El
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Figure 1 - A calibration equation f
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Wire A secondary investigation into
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[1] Taminger, K. M. B.; and Hafley,
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Introduction The analysis of wake v
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Figure 2: Screen I mage o f G UI. T
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References ¹ Burnham, D.C., and Ha
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Validation of Novel Rigid Body Fric
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forces is implemented in the popula
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Figure 2. CAD representation of a t
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Results Figure 5. Assembled hydraul
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References Anitescu, M. (2006). "Op
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Page 118 and 119: UA m� ⎛ ε −1 ⎞ ( c nd c st
Page 120 and 121: educed, the temperature range that
Page 122 and 123: 7. Lemmon, E. W.; Huber, M. L.; McL
Page 124 and 125: Throughout each of the run cycles,
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Page 129 and 130: Phaeton Mast Dynamics Mechanical Sy
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Page 133 and 134: The irregularity in the plots above
Page 135 and 136: inversion of a particular matrix, t
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Page 140 and 141: A. Abstract For hardware to be flig
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Page 159 and 160: Figure 3. (a) Seasonal cycle of lak
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Page 168 and 169: High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
Page 170 and 171: On the morning of 26 May 2008, ther
Page 172 and 173: References Behnke, C., 2005: Synopt
Page 174 and 175: Figure 3 Figure 3 contains base ref
Page 177 and 178: A Comparative Study of Type IIb Sup
Page 179 and 180: Fig. 3.— Cartoon Image of SN blas
Page 181 and 182: Fig. 4.— Light curve of SN 2008bo
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Page 195 and 196: Understanding the Evolution of Supe
Page 197 and 198: Radio  measurements  of  supe
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Page 201 and 202: SN 2008ax in NGC 4490 SN2008ax is a
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direction results in the terminal s
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121 (2000). [Blue Ridge Numerics, I
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concentrated our effort specificall
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density, and Ps is a pressure tenso
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Properties of the GEM problem Recon
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Figure 1: Increase in reconnection
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Figure 3: Examples of agreement of
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Reflection and Refraction of Vortex
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Experimental Procedure The left han
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frames in the upper left corner, wh
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Vortex ring reflection. Similarly,
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References L Bernal and J Kwon. Vor
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group started in 1997 with the goal
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I conducted five semi-structured in
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In the example of the guinea pig pr
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explain t his t rend. F rom t alkin
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Research. Washington, DC: Pan Ameri
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Our team has two goals: 1. To put S
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fluctuating humidity, drying winds,
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western border of the Arkansas Rive
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adjusted to less than .4millisecond
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Cacti Experiment 18 has produced 10
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13. What N decomposer's are needed
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Abstract Toxic Offgassing Analysis
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The chambers were sealed and baked
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Tables 4 and 5 show offgassing comp
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there was no dichlorobenzene peak.
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eneficiation reagents. Ionic liquid
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Figure 3: Current versus voltage da
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Abstract New Initiatives in the Pro
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was noticed above the gel. A discol
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delicate structures (hairs). N o fu
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and A. Y. Rozanov, Eds., SPIE, Vol.
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Combining Writing Across the Curric
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But the study also reported a consi
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Educators’ Aerospace Workshop for
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2008-2009 Evaluation Educators’ A
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Some comments from participants 200
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The cost of a one credit graduate c
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EAA WOMEN SOAR - YOU SOAR Dr. Lee J
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� Incorporated the technology res
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Evaluation Results: At the conclusi
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Educational Standards: The National
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curriculum development, to provide
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and applications of GIS technology
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• A significant new outcome for t
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The design of this project and appl
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Activities at the workshop involved
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to give our students a series of PR
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In the past we have not focused on
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Providing High School Students with
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that th e current generations of s
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instruction a s pa rt o f t heir ow
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Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium &
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11:45-1:00 pm Lunch *** Concurrent
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Moderator: David B lock, A ssociate
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Second Place, E ngineering, Drew an
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Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium
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Space Grant Consortium - University of Wisconsin - Green Bay

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