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preferring sources-of-information and PNP-pronouns preferring perceivers-of-information (e.g. Kuno 1987, Tenny 2004). Wedemonstrate that both factors influence anaphor resolution, but PNP-pronouns and PNP-reflexives exhibit different degrees ofsensitivity to them. Possessives cannot be grouped straightforwardly with pronouns or reflexives, which has implications fortheoretical PNP analyses (e.g. PRO-in-NP, Chomsky 1986, Davies/Dubinsky 2003).Sheikh Umarr Kamarah (Virginia State University, Petersburg) Session 89Krio in Sierra Leone education: Ten years after the decreeIn 1995, Krio, an English-lexified Atlantic creole spoken in Sierra Leone, along with three other languages, was declared a nationallanguage to be used as a medium of instruction in primary schools and as a subject in colleges. The thrust of this paper is a criticalevaluation of the interfacing of the 'instrumental,' 'accommodation,' and 'awareness' uses to which Krio has been put in thismultilingual situation. In particular, I look at the transitioning process from Krio to English, and its attendant implications.Vsevolod Kapatsinski (Indiana University) Session 42Rules & analogy in Russian loanword adaptationDuring adaptation, verbs borrowed into Russian acquire a stem extension. I examined how well neighbors of the borrowed verbpredict its stem extension and whether there are islands of reliability that could give rise to rules. Behavior of the novel verb waspredicted by its neighbors in 89% of the cases regardless of what stem extension the verb takes, contrary to the dual mechanismmodel. Large islands of reliability allowing for the formation of rules were found. Somewhat surprisingly, many of the induced rulesare nonlocal. This suggests that nonlocal relations are not limited to identity.Aaron Kaplan (University of California, Santa Cruz) Session 50Vowel harmony in Lango: Noniterativity & LlicensingATR harmony in Lango holds between suffix and root-final vowels, seeming to require a standard harmony rule with its iterativityparameter turned off. Standard optimality theoretic accounts of harmony fail: Curtailing the whole-word spreading effects ofharmony constraints is not trivial. Despite the rule-based approach's apparent advantage, Lango is best (empirically and conceptually)analyzed through positional licensing within OT: ATR features must be linked to root vowels. This analysis reveals that Lango andtraditional harmony systems have distinct motivations, indicating that iterative and noniterative phenomena are unrelated. Theiterativity parameter-based approach that unites these phenomena under one analysis is misguided.James Kari (Dena'inaq' Titaztunt) Session 98Some features of the Dena'ina Topical DictionaryTopical vocabulary research and associated narrative development have been two cornerstones of my research on several Athabascanlanguages. I summarize here some features of the forthcoming Dena'ina Topical Dictionary. The book has a 33-year history, and theforemost Dena'ina experts of our time have contributed words. The geography of Cook Inlet basin and the Southern Alaska Range isreflected in the diverse vocabulary of the Dena'ina dialects. Some interesting themes in this lexicon are terms for the marine-orientedbiota, month and wind names that reflect diverse micro-climates, and a strong propensity for tabooistic innovations.Reiko Kataoka (University of California, Berkeley) Session 100Phonetics of three-way contrast in Nevada Northern Paiute stopsThe southern dialect of Northern Paiute or Nevada Northern Paiute (NNP) has a three-way distinction among medial obstruents--fortis, lenis, and what has been called by Numic specialists ‘voiced fortis’. I present the acoustic evidence on these three types ofmedial stops. Major findings include: (1) greater articulatory effort employed in the production of fortis stops than lenis counterparts;(2) long preaspiration preceding the fortis stops; and (3) strong correlation between consonantal duration and vocalic duration. Idiscuss these findings in connection with the synchronic and diachronic phonology of the NNP and Northern Paiute in general.Graham Katz (Stanford University) Session 46Attitudes, gradability, & entailmentThe analysis of degree modifiers such as surprisingly (below) raises two questions for semantic theory.(1) a. Svetlana was surprisingly late.b. His apartment was surprisingly small.What import does the choice of one polar adjective (late and not early) have and what determines whether the modified form entailsthe positive form (surprisingly late is late, but surprisingly small need not be small). The claim to be defended is that these degreemodifiers indicate an attitude toward extremity on a scale, bearing much in common with exclamatives such as How tall he is! 135