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squiggly shapes). Disfluency made novel objects more expected, influencing listeners' on-line hypotheses from the onset of the colorword. The novelty bias was sharply reduced by instructions that the speaker had object agnosia, and thus difficulty naming familiarobjects, establishing that listeners can make situation-specific inferences about likely sources of disfluency. However, it was notaffected by evidence of distraction (beeps and construction noises).Amalia Arvaniti (University of California, San Diego) Session 38Cynthia Kilpatrick (University of California, San Diego)The production & perception of epenthetic stopsWe examined the production and perception of American English epenthetic and underlying stops (prin[t]ce/prints) in relation toword-familiarity and context. Production data showed that durational differences are weak, especially in word-final position infamiliar words, possibly because, in these positions at least, the underlying [t] in [nts] is beginning to weaken. The greater thanpreviously reported similarity between epenthetic and underlying stops in production was supported by two perception experiments inwhich listeners performed nearly at chance level. Thus, the changes in production have led to neutralization between the presence andabsence of [t] in terms of perception.Peter K. Austin (University of London) Session 19How to talk to a menak: Speech levels & politeness in Sasak, eastern IndonesiaThe Sasak language (Western Malayo-Polynesian spoken on the island of Lombok, eastern Indonesia), has a system of speech levelsthat distinguishes high-mid-low along with honorific and humble forms. The system is primarily encoded by choice of pronouns,nouns, and verbs and involves lexical suppletion. Only fragmentary information about Sasak is to be found in the existing publishedliterature on speech levels and politeness. I describe the Sasak speech levels system and its use, especially to and by the menak'nobility' minority on Lombok, based on participant observation, a corpus of texts, and elicitation cross-checking research carried outin 2002-2005.Heriberto Avelino (University of California, Berkeley) Session 43Sam Tilsen (University of California, Berkeley)Eurie Shin (University of California, Berkeley)Reiko Kataoka (University of California, Berkeley)Jeff Pynes University of California, Berkeley)The phonetics of laryngealization in Yucatec MayaYucatec-Maya contrasts modal and 'rearticulated' vowels, and high, low, and 'neutral' tones. These contrasts are exploitedproductively in the expression of voice paradigms: Passive voice is marked by a rearticulated vowel; antipassive and mid voices aremarked by low and high tones, respectively. The lexical and morphosyntactic function of laryngeal features in Yucatec is welldocumented; however a thorough investigation of their phonetic properties is scanty. We present the first phonetic descriptionaccount of Yucate laryngeal feautures and then discuss the findings in connection with theoretical and typological aspects ofphonation and its relevance for tonogenesis.Seiki Ayano (Mie University) Session 36Masaaki Kamiya (Hamilton College)Multilevel nominalization: Evidence from verbal nouns in JapaneseThe nominalizing suffix -ing derives three kinds of nominals in English: result nominal, event nominal, and verbal gerunds.Following Emonds' (2000, 2005) theory of multilevel insertion, I focus on the difference that results from pre-PF nominalization onthe one hand and PF-nominalization on the other. Pre-PF nominalization targets the head of a phrase, which derives both result andevent nominal, while PF nominalization targets an entire phrase, which derives verbal gerund with a VP-internal structure. The multilevelnominalization analysis receives cross-linguistic support from Japanese verbal nouns that are required to undergo nominalizationby the merger with a null nominalizing suffix.Nigar Gulsat Aygen (Northern Illinois University) Session 1Morphosyntactic variation & data inconsistencies: The Turkish ECMThis paper focuses on variation in data and questionable grammaticality judgments. Unlike work on applied linguistics and historicallinguistics, research on syntax does not follow the requirements of a scientific research. Variation and/or data inconsistencies partially100