Friday, 5 JanuaryPlenary AddressCalifornia C7:00 – 8:00 PMLanguage Variation and <strong>Linguistic</strong> InvariantsEdward L. KeenanUniversity <strong>of</strong> California, Los AngelesI show how to state structural invariants <strong>of</strong> human language even assuming that grammars <strong>of</strong> particular languages are structurallydistinct, e.g. have different grammatical categories. Given a grammar G for a set L(G) <strong>of</strong> expressions, a structure (preserving) map(sm) for G is a bijection from L(G) to L(G) that preserves how expressions are built up. So for h a sm, a rule R derives z from x and yif R derives h(z) from h(x) and h(y). Two expressions have <strong>the</strong> same structure if one can be mapped to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r by a sm. Aninvariant <strong>of</strong> G is an expression, a property <strong>of</strong> expressions, a relation between expressions,...which is mapped to itself (fixed) by all<strong>the</strong> sm's. That is, replacing it by anything else changes structure. (To say a sm h fixes a relation R just says xRy if h(x)Rh(y)). Thestructure <strong>of</strong> G is given by its set <strong>of</strong> sm's, its symmetry group. Empirically we support that:• The anaphor-antecedent relation is invariant in <strong>the</strong> languages we have modeled (English, Korean, Toba Batak, and WestGreenlandic). It is (partially) coded by case marking in Korean and voice marking in Toba. Both allow anaphors to asymmetrically c-command <strong>the</strong>ir antecedents, structurally distinct from English.• (Provably is a constituent <strong>of</strong> and c-command, generalized, are invariant relations for all G).• Grammatical formatives, such as case, voice, and applicative affixes, are <strong>the</strong>mselves invariant (fixed by all sm's, notsimply ‘reflections’ <strong>of</strong> hierarchical structure).• Agreement classes are stable-invariants (fixed by all stable sm's--ones that extend to sm's when new lexical itemsisomorphic to old ones are [iteratively] added to <strong>the</strong> language). In general, for any category C in a grammar, <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> havingcategory C is a stable invariant.• Theta role assignment is invariant (a function <strong>of</strong> structure). [This does not imply UTAH, which requires that <strong>the</strong> functionbe one to one].• Greenberg duality. The class <strong>of</strong> possible human grammars is closed under word order duals. A G and its dual are notisomorphic but have isomorphic symmetry groups.A Goal <strong>of</strong> General <strong>Linguistic</strong>s: Classify languages by <strong>the</strong> symmetry groups <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir grammars.Edward L. Keenan is a Distinguished Pr<strong>of</strong>essor in <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Linguistic</strong>s at UCLA and a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>America</strong>n Academy<strong>of</strong> Arts and Sciences. He has been on faculties in England, Holland, Germany, France, Israel, Madagascar, and New Zealand. He hasco-authored two books: Boolean semantics for natural language, with Leonard Faltz (1985), and Bare grammar: Lectures onlinguistic invariants, with Edward Stabler (2003).67
Saturday, 6 JanuaryPlenary AddressCalifornia C12:30 – 1:30 PMThe Future <strong>of</strong> <strong>Linguistic</strong>sMark LibermanUniversity <strong>of</strong> PennsylvaniaAbout 10 years ago, a publisher's representative told me that introductory linguistics courses in <strong>the</strong> U.S. enroll 50,000 students peryear while introductory psychology courses enroll about 1,500,000, or 30 times more. The <strong>Linguistic</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> has about4,000 members while <strong>the</strong> <strong>America</strong>n Psychological Association has more than 150,000 members, or about 38 times more. Comparisonsbetween linguistics and fields like history or chemistry give similar results.It's easy to accept this state <strong>of</strong> affairs as natural, but in fact it's bizarre, both historically and logically. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, it's part <strong>of</strong> a largerand much more serious problem. Those who are resigned to <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> our academic discipline should still be disturbed thatcontemporary intellectuals learn almost no skills for analyzing <strong>the</strong> form and content <strong>of</strong> speech and text, so that few writing instructorscan even identify instances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> passive voice that <strong>the</strong>y urge <strong>the</strong>ir students to avoid. More seriously, <strong>the</strong> teaching <strong>of</strong> reading is sowidely based on false or nonsensical ideas about speech and language that a quarter <strong>of</strong> all students emerge from elementary schoolwith difficulties serious enough to interfere with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir education.To break <strong>the</strong> grip <strong>of</strong> familiarity, it may help to view <strong>the</strong> past 150 years <strong>of</strong> intellectual history as a poker game. The academicdisciplines concerned with speech and language began with a bigger stake than almost anyone else at <strong>the</strong> table and have been dealt aseries <strong>of</strong> very strong hands. However, <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> linguistic research and teaching in English, foreign languages, and anthropology isdramatically smaller than it once was, and <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> linguistics itself is a marginal player, in danger <strong>of</strong> being busted out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gameentirely.I review our unfortunate past and discuss <strong>the</strong> prospects for a brighter future, in which linguistics might reach parity with fields likema<strong>the</strong>matics, psychology, and English.Mark Liberman (PhD, Massachusetts Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology, 1975) worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories from 1975-990, ending ashead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Linguistic</strong>s Research Department. He <strong>the</strong>n moved to <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania as Trustee Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Phonetics in<strong>Linguistic</strong>s, with a secondary appointment in <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Computer and Information Science. He has been <strong>the</strong> director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><strong>Linguistic</strong> Data Consortium since its foundation in 1992 and was co-director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Institute for Research in Cognitive Science from2000-2006. He is also Faculty Master <strong>of</strong> Ware College House and faculty director <strong>of</strong> College Houses and Academic Services at Penn.In 2003, he co-founded “Language Log”, which now averages more than 7,000 readers a day. His recent research has been ininformation extraction from biomedical text and in <strong>the</strong> prosody <strong>of</strong> conversational speech.68
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Cynthia A. Fox (University at Alban
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structures to the double object con
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Steven Gross (East Tennessee State
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Heidi Harley (University of Arizona
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equivalents. I argue that their sim
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predictable, and/or restricted in d
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Keith Johnson (University of Arizon
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Andrew Kehler (University of Califo
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comparative rate of acquisition acr
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Pei-Jung Kuo (University of Connect
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EunHee Lee (University at Buffalo,
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Brook Danielle Lillehaugen (Univers
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Martha J. Macri (University of Cali
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Spanish subjects with unaccusative
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Brad Montgomery-Anderson (Universit
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multi-ethnic configuration, and pos
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Natalie Operstein (University of Ca
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Nick Pharris (University of Michiga
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Anastasia Riehl (Cornell University
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Françoise Rose (CNRS-IRD) Session
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precedence also constrains stative
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domains of use are mostly complemen
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Don Walicek (University of Puerto R
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positions. However, certain matrix
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Suwon Yoon (University of Chicago)