2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

eing black and foreign born; the odds of depression for these mothers are almost 4 times those forHispanic foreign-born mothers (the “excluded,” or comparison, group).Table 57. Logistic Regression of Mothers’ Depression Symptoms at Year 5 aPredictor VariableModel 1 b Model 2Odds Ratio Sig. Odds Ratio Sig.Average number of services used, years 2–5 1.1 NS — —Ever received help with mental health, years 2–5 — — 1.8 NSBaseline CharacteristicsRace/nativityBlack—U.S.-born 1.8 NS 1.9 NSBlack—foreign-born 3.6 * 3.8 *Hispanic—U.S.-born 1.4 NS 1.5 NSHispanic—foreign-born (excluded category) — — — —White/other 1.1 NS 1.0 NSEducationLess than high school diploma 0.6 NS 0.6 NSHigh school graduate 1.2 NS 1.1 NSPost–high school education (excluded category) — — — —Teen mother (at birth of focal child) 1.0 NS 1.0 NSGlades 0.7 NS 0.7 NSNumber of children 1.0 NS 1.0 NSLives with husband/partner 1.0 NS 1.0 NSMother employed 0.5 NS 0.5 NSIncome at or below poverty 1.8 NS 1.8 NSChild with special needs 0.7 NS 0.7 NSNumber of housing problems 1.1 NS 1.2 NSDepression: CES-D score > 16 4.6 *** 4.7 ***Family/friend support score 0.9 NS 0.9 NSDCF involvement in child’s first year 1.9 NS 2.1 NSχ 2 59.8*** 62.0***a Data were not weighted in this analysis.b We estimated (and report the results from) two different models. In the first model, we employed average service use duringyears 2 through 5 as the primary independent variable. In the second, we employed receipt of help with mental health services asthe primary independent variable.∧ p < .10, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.Parental StressThe Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI/SF) was used to assess mothers’ symptoms of parentingstress. Scores on the PSI/SF can range from 0 to 180, with higher scores indicating greater stress; a scoreat or above the 85 th percentile, defined as a raw score of 86 or higher, is considered indicative of clinicallyChapin Hall at the University of Chicago 108