2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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Table 2. Characteristics of Mothers of Newborns in Palm Beach County, 2004–2005 aCharacteristic b Palm Beach County Non-TGAs TGAs(N=29,620) (n=17,185) (n=12,435)Not married (%) 40 27 57Teen mother (%) 9 6 14< HS education (%) 22 13 35Black (%) c 26 18 36Hispanic (%) d 29 22 39Foreign-born (%) 41 36 47Late or no prenatal care 27 23 32Used WIC while pregnant (%) 35 23 52Low-birth-weight baby (%) 8 8 9Study risk index mean (SD) d 2.4 (1.7) 1.9 (1.6) 3.0 (1.7)a Source: Vital Statistics. Sample numbers exclude mothers who gave birth in Palm Beach County but were residents of othercounties. Multiple births were counted as one birth event.b Does not include mothers who responded “I don’t know” to any of the Vital Statistics questionsc To be consistent with the racial/ethnic categories in the survey, mothers who identified as Haitian are coded as black.d Because not all mothers in the county were screened at birth, we calculated a risk index based on their number of 11demographic and health characteristics recorded in Vital Statistics. These were the following: (1) no or late prenatal care, (2)mother does not have high school diploma or GED, (3) mother is not married, (4) mother age 19 or lower at birth, (5) mother notborn in U.S., (6) mother received WIC while pregnant, (7) mother smoked, (8) mother had medical complications (other thanprevious C-section), (9) mother had delivery complications, (10) baby’s weight less than 2,500 grams, and (11) baby’sgestational age 36 weeks or less. Mothers who responded “I don’t know” to any of these items were not coded “at risk” for thatitem.For comparison purposes, we also analyzed administrative data on the cohort of mothers who gave birthduring the next 4 years, 2006 through 2009. These results, which are presented in Table B- 4, Figure B- 1,Figure B- 2, and Figure B- 3 in Appendix B, indicate little change with respect to most of thecharacteristics available in Vital Statistics of mothers who gave birth in the county over the 5-year period.The most significant change was a decline in the percentage of mothers who received late or no prenatalcare. In the county, this was 27 percent for the 2004–2005 birth cohort, and only 14 percent for the 2009cohort; in the TGAs, the percentage declined from 32 percent in 2004–2005 to 18 percent in 2009. Oneindicator of increasing risk in the population is the use of WIC during pregnancy, which increased from35 percent in the county in 2004–2005 to 44 percent in 2009; the corresponding change in the TGAs wasan increase from 52 percent in 2004–2005 to 61 percent in 2009. In addition, there was a modest increasein the percentages of new mothers who were unmarried and who had less than a high school educationfrom 2004–2005 to 2009 across the county.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 7
Results in Table 2 and Table 3 also indicate a small increase—from 41 to 44 percent—in the percentageof foreign-born mothers giving birth in Palm Beach County over the 5-year period. Most of this growthoccurred between 2004 and 2007. 7In addition to looking at changes in demographics over time, we also looked at demographic differencesby race/ethnicity and nativity (see Figure 2). We found that U.S.-born blacks were more likely to beunmarried, to be teen mothers, to have a low-birth-weight baby, and to live in the TGAs. Similarly,foreign-born Hispanics were also more likely to be unmarried and to live in the TGAs; in addition, theywere also more likely than the other groups to have less than a high school education. Foreign-bornmothers who were not black or Hispanic were the least likely to be unmarried, to be teen mothers, to haveless than a high school education, and to live in the TGAs.Figure 2. Demographic Characteristics of PBC Mothers by Nativity, 2004–2009 a,ba Source: Vital Statistics and FOCiS (2004–2009). The birth of twins, triplets, and other multiples are counted as one birth event.b To be consistent with the racial/ethnic categories in the survey, mothers who identified as Haitian are coded as black.7 U.S. Census data indicate that the percentage of the population in Palm Beach County who say they are foreign-born grew from17 percent in the 2000 Census to 22 percent in the 2006–2008 American Community Survey estimate(http://factfinder.census.gov). The percentage of those who describe themselves as Hispanic or Latino grew from 12 to 17 percentfor the same period.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 8
Page 1 and 2: FifthMarciaGouvêa2011
Page 3: AcknowledgmentsThis fifth report of
Page 6 and 7: Chapin Hall at the University of Ch
Page 8 and 9: List of TablesTable 1. Components o
Page 10 and 11: Table 58. Logistic Regression of Mo
Page 12 and 13: Table C- 24. Mothers’ Baseline an
Page 16 and 17: • In addition, we observed a pote
Page 18 and 19: kind of out-of-home educational exp
Page 20 and 21: IntroductionOver the last three dec
Page 22 and 23: eadiness and school success and in
Page 24 and 25: The study’s comprehensive, longit
Page 28 and 29: The Year 5 Study SampleTable 4 show
Page 30 and 31: Household Structure, Employment, an
Page 32 and 33: Although mothers continued to repor
Page 34 and 35: Table 6. Family Income and Economic
Page 36 and 37: Specifically, mothers living outsid
Page 38 and 39: at the birth of the focal child tha
Page 40 and 41: Table 10. Reasons for Transportatio
Page 42 and 43: Health, Healthcare, and ChildDevelo
Page 44 and 45: two years of the study. In year 1 1
Page 46 and 47: Subsequent Pregnancies and Prenatal
Page 48 and 49: Children’s HealthcareMost (80%) o
Page 50 and 51: private plans or HMOs increased sig
Page 52 and 53: outside the TGAs to report that all
Page 54 and 55: Children’s Behavior and Developme
Page 56 and 57: cultural norms regarding what sorts
Page 58 and 59: Table 21. Emerging Pre-academic Ski
Page 60 and 61: the year 5 interview, over three-qu
Page 62: various activities, mothers reporte
Page 66 and 67: Negative Parenting PracticesThere i
Page 68 and 69: Table 28. Fathers’ Negative Paren
Page 70 and 71: Table 30. Parent Involvement Activi
Page 72 and 73: Table 32. Mothers’ Positive Paren
Page 74 and 75: Table 34. Mothers’ Parent Involve
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The most frequent parent involvemen
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Figure 3. Primary Childcare Arrange
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for 6 months, but when the subsidy
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ecause it is of particular interest
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types of care between mothers whose
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Table 40. Characteristics of Mother
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Table 41). Of the 204 children, 91
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commented on their children’s nee
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nonparental childcare arrangement f
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Informal and Community SupportAn un
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Table 46. Frequency of Husband/Part
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We also asked the mothers about the
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Table 49. Type of Family/Friends Su
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Access to Support by TGAFigure 5 sh
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Use of Formal ServicesA central que
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Correlates of At-Risk StatusA large
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services after 6 months. Among the
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Enhanced ServicesEnhanced services
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Termination of MCHP ServicesAs prev
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services were fairly stable, althou
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languages. The fact that more mothe
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In interpreting these results, it s
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Overall, mothers reported seeking h
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We found that in years 2 and 3, aft
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We also found that mothers tended t
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variables that could potentially be
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significant levels of stress. Paren
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positive parenting items and 5 nega
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friend/neighbor/other), which were
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Table 60. Logistic Regression of Ch
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County in either fall 2009 or fall
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Figure 6. Percent of Focal Children
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Next, we conducted logistic regress
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Table 68. Selected Maternal and Chi
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R 2 .180*p < .05, **p < .01, or ***
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SummarySimilar to previous analyses
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less than a high school education,
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Parenting PracticesWhen surveyed in
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We also looked at the stability of
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Service Use, Maternal Functioning,
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Conclusions and ImplicationsMore th
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Meanwhile, our findings indicate th
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literacy skills, families who do no
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BibliographyAbidin, R. R. (1995). P
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Dinan, K. A. (2005a). Federal polic
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Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., McC
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Weisner, T. S. (1984). A cross-cult
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What are pathways to service use? W
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Table A- 1. FOCiS Codes for MCHP Se
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Table A- 2. Interview Study Samplin
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Table A- 3. Household Survey Topics
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Table A- 5. Reasons for Sample Attr
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we sought to identify the ecologica
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Table B- 2. Characteritics of TGA M
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Figure B- 1. Characteristics of Mot
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Figure B- 5. Percentage of PBC Moth
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Table B- 5. Logistic Regression Pre
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Table B- 7. Characteristics of TGA
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Table B- 9. Logistic Regression Pre
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Type of Enhanced Service2009N% of M
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Table B- 12. Logistic Regression Pr
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Numberof BirthswithReferrals2009 TG
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Table B- 15. OLS Logistic Regressio
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Table C- 1. Selected Characteristic
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Table C- 4. Social and Emotional Be
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Table C- 7. Communication Skills of
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Table C- 11. Emerging Literacy and
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Table C- 14. Mothers’ Negative Pa
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Number of Different Arrangements ac
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Figure C- 1. Mean Days of MCHP Serv
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Table C- 19. Characteristics of Mot
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Table C- 22. Number of Service Area
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Table C- 23. Number of Services Use
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Table C- 25. Linear Regression Anal
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Table C- 27. Baseline Characteristi
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2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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