2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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types of care between mothers whose family incomes are at or below the poverty level versus those withhigher family incomes.The qualitative data suggest a variety of reasons for these differences in types of childcare arrangements,which include parents’ perceptions of the quality of care, ease of access, and cost. As we report in thenext section, the survey data suggest that use of center care, in particular, is related to having a childcaresubsidy through Family Central. Of those mothers who received a childcare subsidy, well over threequarters(82%) had their focal child enrolled in a childcare center, whereas less than half (42%) ofmothers who did not have a childcare subsidy had their child in center care. Among mothers whoparticipated in qualitative interviews, those who were working—both foreign-born and U.S.-born—frequently cited cost as the main barrier to using center care. 35Table 39. Nonparental Childcare Arrangements for Focal Children at Year 5 by MaternalEducation, Employment, and Income aChildcareArrangementMothersIncome-to-NeedEducation (%) Employment (%)Ratio (%)Not HS HS NotAt/below Abovegraduate graduate Working Working poverty poverty(n=190) (n=75) (n=114) (n=61) (n=127) (n=82) (n=98)Relative 17 20 16 8 21* 15 21Friend/neighbor 10 19 4* 2 13* 6 12Childcarecenter/Head Start55 45 61* 62 52 59 50Prekindergarten(school-based)8 8 8 18 3 7 9Family childcare 3 3 3 3 2 4 2Other/someone else 1 4 0 5 0 4 0Multiple6 1 10* 2 9* 6 5arrangementsa Data were weighted to adjust for the oversampling of mothers in the Glades and mothers screened “at risk.”*Denotes z-test of column proportions (or t-test of means where applicable) statistically significant at p < .10 or lower: [Mother’sEducation] friendneighbor(1) vs. friendneighbor(2); childcareHeadStart(2) vs. childcareHeadStart(1); mulitplearrangements(2)vs. mulitplearrangements(1). [Employment] relatives(2) vs. relatives(1); friendneighbor(2) vs. friendneighbor(1);prekindergarten(1) vs. friendneighbor(2); mulitplearrangements(2) vs. mulitplearrangements(1).35 A body of research indicates that foreign-born mothers tend to prefer informal care arrangements to formal, center-based care(Hernandez, Denton, & Macartne, 2007; Lippman et al., 2008; Fuller, Holloway, & Liang, 1996; Hirshberg, Huang, & Fuller,2005; Kinukawa, Guzman, & Lippman, 2004; Lawrence & Kreader, 2005; Liang, Fuller, & Singer, 2000). At the same time,some research suggests that such differences may be explained by other sociodemographic characteristics, the age of the child,and the availability, cost, and quality of care in different regions of the country. For example, according to a 2005 Child Trendsreport (http://www.childtrends.org), nationally, 53 percent of children ages 0 to 4 living in a low-income family were innonparental care in 2003, but the use of childcare by low-income families varied from state to state.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 65
Costs of Preschool ChildcareWhen asked if they pay for their childcare, half of the mothers using childcare reported that they pay allor some of their children’s childcare costs. Among the other 50 percent of mothers who reported notpaying for childcare, about two-thirds do not pay because they receive a childcare subsidy through FamilyCentral or financial assistance from a social service agency, relative, or other individual. Most of theremaining mothers who do not pay for childcare reported placing their children in the care of relatives.The qualitative data suggest these mothers may pay small amounts to reimburse relatives for childcare;for example, mothers talked about paying their mother or a sister $100 on an occasional basis or givingher money for gas, bus fare, or food in exchange for caring for their children.The amounts mothers paid for childcare on a regular basis ranged from as little as $5 per week to as muchas $275 per week, amounts that are similar to those reported in the fourth year. 36 The average weekly costof childcare reported by mothers was $70, which is slightly higher than what was reported in year 4 ($67).Based on these figures, we estimate that families who pay for some or all of their childcare spend from aslittle as $20 to as much as $1,100 per month for all children in care. Although these monthly costestimates were not adjusted to the numbers of hours per week children are in care, most children are incare on a full-time basis. The monthly average of childcare costs reported by mothers in the fifth year wasapproximately $280, slightly down from $297 in the previous year. To obtain a rough estimate of theproportion of family income these mothers spent on childcare, we calculated the percentage of themidpoint of the family’s reported income range for the previous year spent on childcare. Based on thiscalculation, the study families spent approximately 14 percent of their yearly income on childcare. 37More than half of the mothers using childcare in the fifth year reported receiving some financialassistance to help pay for that care. One-third of the mothers using childcare reported having a childcaresubsidy, which is significantly more than the 29 percent who reported receiving the subsidy in year 4. Anadditional 22 percent of mothers using childcare in year 5 obtained financial help from a social serviceagency. A small percentage (5%) said they received help from an individual, such as a friend or relative;only four mothers (2%) reported receiving assistance with childcare expenses from an employer. Again,this financial assistance was linked to the type of childcare arrangement mothers provided for their focalchild. As shown in Table 40, mothers who received a subsidy were much more likely to have their focal36 Interviewers reported that mothers sometimes had difficulty figuring the amount they pay for childcare, and some of thefigures reported for childcare seemed high in relation to household incomes. At the same time, although estimates vary, studiesindicate that low-income families spend a greater proportion—20 percent or more—of their income on childcare than do familieswith higher incomes (e.g., Chase et al., 2005; Henly & Lyons, 2000; Koppelman, 2002).37 One mother reported spending 274 percent of her yearly income on childcare and was excluded from this analysis.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 66
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FifthMarciaGouvêa2011
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AcknowledgmentsThis fifth report of
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Chapin Hall at the University of Ch
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List of TablesTable 1. Components o
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Table 58. Logistic Regression of Mo
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Table C- 24. Mothers’ Baseline an
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• In addition, we observed a pote
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kind of out-of-home educational exp
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IntroductionOver the last three dec
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eadiness and school success and in
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The study’s comprehensive, longit
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Table 2. Characteristics of Mothers
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The Year 5 Study SampleTable 4 show
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Household Structure, Employment, an
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Although mothers continued to repor
Page 34 and 35: Table 6. Family Income and Economic
Page 36 and 37: Specifically, mothers living outsid
Page 38 and 39: at the birth of the focal child tha
Page 40 and 41: Table 10. Reasons for Transportatio
Page 42 and 43: Health, Healthcare, and ChildDevelo
Page 44 and 45: two years of the study. In year 1 1
Page 46 and 47: Subsequent Pregnancies and Prenatal
Page 48 and 49: Children’s HealthcareMost (80%) o
Page 50 and 51: private plans or HMOs increased sig
Page 52 and 53: outside the TGAs to report that all
Page 54 and 55: Children’s Behavior and Developme
Page 56 and 57: cultural norms regarding what sorts
Page 58 and 59: Table 21. Emerging Pre-academic Ski
Page 60 and 61: the year 5 interview, over three-qu
Page 62: various activities, mothers reporte
Page 66 and 67: Negative Parenting PracticesThere i
Page 68 and 69: Table 28. Fathers’ Negative Paren
Page 70 and 71: Table 30. Parent Involvement Activi
Page 72 and 73: Table 32. Mothers’ Positive Paren
Page 74 and 75: Table 34. Mothers’ Parent Involve
Page 76 and 77: The most frequent parent involvemen
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3. Primary Childcare Arrange
Page 80 and 81: for 6 months, but when the subsidy
Page 82 and 83: ecause it is of particular interest
Page 86 and 87: Table 40. Characteristics of Mother
Page 88 and 89: Table 41). Of the 204 children, 91
Page 90 and 91: commented on their children’s nee
Page 92 and 93: nonparental childcare arrangement f
Page 94 and 95: Informal and Community SupportAn un
Page 96 and 97: Table 46. Frequency of Husband/Part
Page 98 and 99: We also asked the mothers about the
Page 100 and 101: Table 49. Type of Family/Friends Su
Page 102 and 103: Access to Support by TGAFigure 5 sh
Page 104 and 105: Use of Formal ServicesA central que
Page 106 and 107: Correlates of At-Risk StatusA large
Page 108 and 109: services after 6 months. Among the
Page 110 and 111: Enhanced ServicesEnhanced services
Page 112 and 113: Termination of MCHP ServicesAs prev
Page 114 and 115: services were fairly stable, althou
Page 116 and 117: languages. The fact that more mothe
Page 118 and 119: In interpreting these results, it s
Page 120 and 121: Overall, mothers reported seeking h
Page 122 and 123: We found that in years 2 and 3, aft
Page 124 and 125: We also found that mothers tended t
Page 126 and 127: variables that could potentially be
Page 128 and 129: significant levels of stress. Paren
Page 130 and 131: positive parenting items and 5 nega
Page 132 and 133: friend/neighbor/other), which were
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Table 60. Logistic Regression of Ch
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County in either fall 2009 or fall
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Figure 6. Percent of Focal Children
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Next, we conducted logistic regress
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Table 68. Selected Maternal and Chi
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R 2 .180*p < .05, **p < .01, or ***
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SummarySimilar to previous analyses
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less than a high school education,
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Parenting PracticesWhen surveyed in
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We also looked at the stability of
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Service Use, Maternal Functioning,
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Conclusions and ImplicationsMore th
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Meanwhile, our findings indicate th
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literacy skills, families who do no
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BibliographyAbidin, R. R. (1995). P
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Dinan, K. A. (2005a). Federal polic
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Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., McC
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Weisner, T. S. (1984). A cross-cult
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What are pathways to service use? W
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Table A- 1. FOCiS Codes for MCHP Se
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Table A- 2. Interview Study Samplin
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Table A- 3. Household Survey Topics
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Table A- 5. Reasons for Sample Attr
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we sought to identify the ecologica
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Table B- 2. Characteritics of TGA M
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Figure B- 1. Characteristics of Mot
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Figure B- 5. Percentage of PBC Moth
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Table B- 5. Logistic Regression Pre
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Table B- 7. Characteristics of TGA
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Table B- 9. Logistic Regression Pre
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Type of Enhanced Service2009N% of M
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Table B- 12. Logistic Regression Pr
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Numberof BirthswithReferrals2009 TG
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Table B- 15. OLS Logistic Regressio
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Table C- 1. Selected Characteristic
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Table C- 4. Social and Emotional Be
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Table C- 7. Communication Skills of
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Table C- 11. Emerging Literacy and
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Table C- 14. Mothers’ Negative Pa
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Number of Different Arrangements ac
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Figure C- 1. Mean Days of MCHP Serv
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Table C- 19. Characteristics of Mot
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Table C- 22. Number of Service Area
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Table C- 23. Number of Services Use
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Table C- 25. Linear Regression Anal
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Table C- 27. Baseline Characteristi
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2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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