2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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Table 40. Characteristics of Mothers Receiving and Not Receiving Subsidy for Childcare at Year 5 aCharacteristicAll Mothers UsingChildcareMothers withSubsidyMothers withoutSubsidy b(n=190) (n=60) (n=130)Age of motherMean age (SD) 29.4 (6.3) 29.3 (5.9) 29.4 (6.4)Number of children (%)One 25 15 30Two 35 35 35Three or more 40 50 35Mean number of children (SD)* 2.4 (1.2) 2.7 (1.2) 2.2 (1.2)Mother’s race (%)Black, not Hispanic 47 55 43Hispanic 45 38 48White/other c 9 7 9Mother’s nativity (%)U.S.-born 52 52 52Mother’s education (%)Less than high school diploma 40 35 42High school graduate 33 42 29Post–high school education 27 23 29Mother’s employment (%)**Employed full or part time 67 52 74Mother’s school status (%)In school full or part time 23 25 23Income-to-need ratio (%)*Living at or below poverty threshold 44 56 39Income supports received (%)Women Infants and Children (WIC) 46 52 44Food Stamps 42 52 38Social Security Insurance (SSI) 11 15 9TANF 3 5 2Rent voucher program 9 15 6Earned Income Tax Credit 41 37 43Childcare for focal child (%) (n=189)***Relative 18 2 25Friend/neighbor 10 0 14Childcare center/Head Start 55 82 42Prekindergarten (school-based) 8 3 10Family childcare 3 5 2Other/multiple arrangements 7 8 6a Data were weighted to adjust for the oversampling of mothers in the Glades and mothers screened “at risk.”b Some (30%) of the mothers in this group reported receiving help with childcare costs from social service or welfare agencies(n=41); relatives (n=3); employer (n=4); and another source (n=9).c “White/other” includes mothers who self-identified as being white, Asian, American Indian, multiracial, and other.Chi-square tests indicate differences between mothers with and without childcare subsidies are statistically significant at *p < .05,**p < .01, or ***p < .001.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 67
child in a childcare center or Head Start (82%) than mothers who did not receive a subsidy (42%). Almost4 in 10 mothers not using a subsidy use friends or relatives to care for their children.Table 40 also shows socio-economic and demographic differences between the group of study motherswho received a subsidy to assist with childcare costs during the previous year and those who did not. Forexample, as might be expected, mothers using subsidies were significantly more likely to have an incometo-needratio at or below the poverty level (56% vs. 39%). They were also less likely to be employed atthe time of the fifth interview than mothers who did not receive subsidies (52% vs. 74%). In addition,mothers who reported receiving a subsidy have more children than mothers who did not.Although the differences are not significant, mothers who received a subsidy for childcare were morelikely to use other income supports than were mothers who did not receive a subsidy. Other studies reporthigher use of childcare subsidies among mothers using services such as TANF and Food Stamps as wellas differences by maternal education, race/ethnicity, and age and number of children (e.g., Herbst, 2008;Lee et al., 2004; Lowe & Weisner, 2004; Shlay et al., 2004).Childcare Quality and Satisfaction with ChildcareThere is considerable evidence that the quality of care makes a difference in children’s development andreadiness for school (Burchinal et al., 2002; Howes, 1997; Howes & Smith, 1995; NICHD EarlyChildcare Research Network, 2000, 2007; Pianta et al., 2002). This is particularly true for young childrenfrom families with limited economic resources or other challenges (Karp, 2006). Thus, in this study, itwas important to examine the impact of childcare experiences and the type and quality of childcare onchildren’s outcomes. The primary source of information on childcare quality, other than a measure of themothers’ general satisfaction with their childcare arrangements, is assessment information for childcarecenters and family childcare participating in the Palm Beach County Early Childhood QualityImprovement System (QIS). Mothers who use formal childcare arrangements were asked to name theirchildcare center or individual caregiver in an effort to determine how many children were receiving carefrom providers participating in the QIS. Mothers named 106 different centers and homes as childcareproviders for 204 children; 41 (39%) were names of providers participating in the QIS as of March 18,2010 (seeChapin Hall at the University of Chicago 68
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FifthMarciaGouvêa2011
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AcknowledgmentsThis fifth report of
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Chapin Hall at the University of Ch
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List of TablesTable 1. Components o
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Table 58. Logistic Regression of Mo
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Table C- 24. Mothers’ Baseline an
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• In addition, we observed a pote
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kind of out-of-home educational exp
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IntroductionOver the last three dec
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eadiness and school success and in
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The study’s comprehensive, longit
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Table 2. Characteristics of Mothers
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The Year 5 Study SampleTable 4 show
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Household Structure, Employment, an
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Although mothers continued to repor
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Table 6. Family Income and Economic
Page 36 and 37: Specifically, mothers living outsid
Page 38 and 39: at the birth of the focal child tha
Page 40 and 41: Table 10. Reasons for Transportatio
Page 42 and 43: Health, Healthcare, and ChildDevelo
Page 44 and 45: two years of the study. In year 1 1
Page 46 and 47: Subsequent Pregnancies and Prenatal
Page 48 and 49: Children’s HealthcareMost (80%) o
Page 50 and 51: private plans or HMOs increased sig
Page 52 and 53: outside the TGAs to report that all
Page 54 and 55: Children’s Behavior and Developme
Page 56 and 57: cultural norms regarding what sorts
Page 58 and 59: Table 21. Emerging Pre-academic Ski
Page 60 and 61: the year 5 interview, over three-qu
Page 62: various activities, mothers reporte
Page 66 and 67: Negative Parenting PracticesThere i
Page 68 and 69: Table 28. Fathers’ Negative Paren
Page 70 and 71: Table 30. Parent Involvement Activi
Page 72 and 73: Table 32. Mothers’ Positive Paren
Page 74 and 75: Table 34. Mothers’ Parent Involve
Page 76 and 77: The most frequent parent involvemen
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3. Primary Childcare Arrange
Page 80 and 81: for 6 months, but when the subsidy
Page 82 and 83: ecause it is of particular interest
Page 84 and 85: types of care between mothers whose
Page 88 and 89: Table 41). Of the 204 children, 91
Page 90 and 91: commented on their children’s nee
Page 92 and 93: nonparental childcare arrangement f
Page 94 and 95: Informal and Community SupportAn un
Page 96 and 97: Table 46. Frequency of Husband/Part
Page 98 and 99: We also asked the mothers about the
Page 100 and 101: Table 49. Type of Family/Friends Su
Page 102 and 103: Access to Support by TGAFigure 5 sh
Page 104 and 105: Use of Formal ServicesA central que
Page 106 and 107: Correlates of At-Risk StatusA large
Page 108 and 109: services after 6 months. Among the
Page 110 and 111: Enhanced ServicesEnhanced services
Page 112 and 113: Termination of MCHP ServicesAs prev
Page 114 and 115: services were fairly stable, althou
Page 116 and 117: languages. The fact that more mothe
Page 118 and 119: In interpreting these results, it s
Page 120 and 121: Overall, mothers reported seeking h
Page 122 and 123: We found that in years 2 and 3, aft
Page 124 and 125: We also found that mothers tended t
Page 126 and 127: variables that could potentially be
Page 128 and 129: significant levels of stress. Paren
Page 130 and 131: positive parenting items and 5 nega
Page 132 and 133: friend/neighbor/other), which were
Page 134 and 135: Table 60. Logistic Regression of Ch
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Table 62. Logistic Regression of Ch
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Table 64. Logistic Regression of Ch
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County in either fall 2009 or fall
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Figure 6. Percent of Focal Children
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Next, we conducted logistic regress
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Table 68. Selected Maternal and Chi
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R 2 .180*p < .05, **p < .01, or ***
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SummarySimilar to previous analyses
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less than a high school education,
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Parenting PracticesWhen surveyed in
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We also looked at the stability of
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Service Use, Maternal Functioning,
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Conclusions and ImplicationsMore th
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Meanwhile, our findings indicate th
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literacy skills, families who do no
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BibliographyAbidin, R. R. (1995). P
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Dinan, K. A. (2005a). Federal polic
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Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., McC
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Weisner, T. S. (1984). A cross-cult
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What are pathways to service use? W
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Table A- 1. FOCiS Codes for MCHP Se
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Table A- 2. Interview Study Samplin
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Table A- 3. Household Survey Topics
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Table A- 5. Reasons for Sample Attr
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we sought to identify the ecologica
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Table B- 2. Characteritics of TGA M
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Figure B- 1. Characteristics of Mot
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Figure B- 5. Percentage of PBC Moth
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Table B- 5. Logistic Regression Pre
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Table B- 7. Characteristics of TGA
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Table B- 9. Logistic Regression Pre
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Type of Enhanced Service2009N% of M
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Table B- 12. Logistic Regression Pr
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Numberof BirthswithReferrals2009 TG
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Table B- 15. OLS Logistic Regressio
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Table C- 1. Selected Characteristic
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Table C- 4. Social and Emotional Be
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Table C- 7. Communication Skills of
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Table C- 11. Emerging Literacy and
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Table C- 14. Mothers’ Negative Pa
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Number of Different Arrangements ac
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Figure C- 1. Mean Days of MCHP Serv
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Table C- 19. Characteristics of Mot
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Table C- 22. Number of Service Area
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Table C- 23. Number of Services Use
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Table C- 25. Linear Regression Anal
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Table C- 27. Baseline Characteristi
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2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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