2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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less than a high school education, to be black or Hispanic, to be foreign born, and to have used WIC whilepregnant. Just over half of the study sample identified themselves as Hispanic, and two-fifths, as black orAfrican-American. More than half (55%) are foreign born. At the beginning of the study, 13 percent ofthe sample families lived in the Glades TGA, and 87 percent lived in the other three TGAs. Over the 5years of the study, there was a modest increase in the percentage of study families living outside theTGAs (13% in year 5), with most of this movement coming from families in the non-Glades TGAs. Thus,at year 5, 12 percent lived in the Glades TGA, 75 percent lived in the non-Glades TGAs, and 13 percentlived in other, nearby areas of Palm Beach County. As in the previous year, one-third of the familiesreported moving at least once during the year.Although household compositions changed during the course of the study, the number of reported familymembers remained fairly stable. The percentage of mothers who reported they were married in the fifthyear (32%) is almost the same as in the fourth year, although the percentage of unmarried mothers livingwith a partner (31%) continued to decline from the first year, when it was 39 percent. At the same time,the percentage of mothers with two or more children increased, with three-quarters of the sample havingtwo or more children at the time of the fifth interview. More than 4 in 10 mothers had had another childsince the birth of their focal child, and 6 percent were pregnant at the time of the year 5 interview.Overall, almost half of the mothers in the year 5 sample had worked at some point since the beginning ofthe study, and, similar to year 4, nearly half (46%) were working at year 5. The mothers’ estimates oftheir family income were slightly better in year 5, with 54 percent reporting household incomes above$20,000 for the previous year compared to 46 percent in year 4. Calculation of an income-to-need ratiobased on household size, the number of children under age 18, and the federal poverty thresholdsindicates that 52 percent of the families in the year 5 sample were living at or below the federal povertythreshold the previous year.Home ownership changed only slightly from year 4 to year 5, with 27 percent of mothers reporting homeownership in year 4 and 29 percent in year 5. The same percentage (16%) of mothers who reported livingin an unsafe neighborhood in year 4 did so in year 5. However, some evidence of a decline in livingconditions is reflected in an increase in the percentage of mothers who reported one or more negativehousing conditions, such as electrical or plumbing problems, from year 4 (30%) to year 5 (40%).Health, Healthcare, and Child DevelopmentIndicators of maternal health and functioning examined in this study include a measure of depression,mothers’ self-reported health, a measure of parental stress, and administrative data on reports of childabuse and neglect. The percentage of mothers reporting depressive symptoms was fairly stable from yearChapin Hall at the University of Chicago 133
2 to year 5, when 21 percent scored above the normal range on the CES-D, and significantly lowerrelative to the first year. The percentage of mothers with elevated parental stress scores—17 percent inyear 5—was also stable from years 2 through 5 (but not measured in year 1). Finally, about four-fifths ofmothers described their general health as “good” to “excellent” in all 5 years.The results for children’s health and development are generally positive. Most mothers reported theirfocal child to be in “good” to “excellent” physical health, although 19 percent of the mothers reported thattheir focal child has “special needs”—most often asthma and other respiratory problems. In terms ofdevelopment, a majority of the children demonstrate a range of early literacy, social-emotional skills, andcommunicative behaviors typical for their ages. For example, more than two-thirds of the children werereported to be talking in sentences, and 90 percent or more demonstrating appropriate listening andspeaking skills when conversing with other people. However, foreign-born mothers were more likely thanU.S.-born mothers to report their focal child has some social-emotional problem behaviors (such as theinability to sit still), which may be attributed, in part, to cultural differences in their expectations for thebehavior of preschool children. In addition, foreign-born mothers were less likely than U.S.-born mothersto report that their child demonstrates certain preliteracy behaviors. Such differences might be the resultof differences in opportunities to develop and use these skills.Another important health indicator is access to healthcare. A majority (77%) of the mothers reportedreceiving regular medical care for themselves at year 5. However, this still indicates that, as in theprevious year, almost a quarter of the sample mothers were going without routine healthcare, makingthem less likely to receive services to maintain interconceptional health. With regard to care duringpregnancy, mothers’ use of prenatal care for children born after their focal child followed the samepattern observed with their focal child; that is, about three-quarters said they had initiated care in the firsttrimester, while 16 percent reported doing so in the second trimester.Although three-fourths (76%) of the focal children were covered by health insurance in year 5, it is aconcern that 24 percent of the focal children (and 13 percent of all children in the study families) were notcovered. An additional concern is that only 45 percent of the sample mothers reported having healthinsurance for themselves, a percentage that was fairly stable from years 2 through 5 and much lower thanthe percentage in year 1 when mothers were likely to have Medicaid coverage around the birth of theirfocal child. There also were marked differences between foreign-born and U.S.-born mothers with respectto health insurance coverage; 75 percent of U.S.-born mothers had health insurance, compared to only 19percent of foreign-born mothers. In addition, the focal children of foreign-born mothers were less likelythan the children of U.S.-born children to have health insurance, although the difference was muchsmaller (81% vs. 90%).Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 134
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FifthMarciaGouvêa2011
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AcknowledgmentsThis fifth report of
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Chapin Hall at the University of Ch
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List of TablesTable 1. Components o
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Table 58. Logistic Regression of Mo
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Table C- 24. Mothers’ Baseline an
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• In addition, we observed a pote
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kind of out-of-home educational exp
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IntroductionOver the last three dec
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eadiness and school success and in
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The study’s comprehensive, longit
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Table 2. Characteristics of Mothers
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The Year 5 Study SampleTable 4 show
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Household Structure, Employment, an
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Although mothers continued to repor
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Table 6. Family Income and Economic
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Specifically, mothers living outsid
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at the birth of the focal child tha
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Table 10. Reasons for Transportatio
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Health, Healthcare, and ChildDevelo
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two years of the study. In year 1 1
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Subsequent Pregnancies and Prenatal
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Children’s HealthcareMost (80%) o
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private plans or HMOs increased sig
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outside the TGAs to report that all
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Children’s Behavior and Developme
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cultural norms regarding what sorts
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Table 21. Emerging Pre-academic Ski
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the year 5 interview, over three-qu
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various activities, mothers reporte
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Negative Parenting PracticesThere i
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Table 28. Fathers’ Negative Paren
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Table 30. Parent Involvement Activi
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Table 32. Mothers’ Positive Paren
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Table 34. Mothers’ Parent Involve
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The most frequent parent involvemen
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Figure 3. Primary Childcare Arrange
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for 6 months, but when the subsidy
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ecause it is of particular interest
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types of care between mothers whose
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Table 40. Characteristics of Mother
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Table 41). Of the 204 children, 91
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commented on their children’s nee
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nonparental childcare arrangement f
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Informal and Community SupportAn un
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Table 46. Frequency of Husband/Part
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We also asked the mothers about the
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Table 49. Type of Family/Friends Su
Page 102 and 103: Access to Support by TGAFigure 5 sh
Page 104 and 105: Use of Formal ServicesA central que
Page 106 and 107: Correlates of At-Risk StatusA large
Page 108 and 109: services after 6 months. Among the
Page 110 and 111: Enhanced ServicesEnhanced services
Page 112 and 113: Termination of MCHP ServicesAs prev
Page 114 and 115: services were fairly stable, althou
Page 116 and 117: languages. The fact that more mothe
Page 118 and 119: In interpreting these results, it s
Page 120 and 121: Overall, mothers reported seeking h
Page 122 and 123: We found that in years 2 and 3, aft
Page 124 and 125: We also found that mothers tended t
Page 126 and 127: variables that could potentially be
Page 128 and 129: significant levels of stress. Paren
Page 130 and 131: positive parenting items and 5 nega
Page 132 and 133: friend/neighbor/other), which were
Page 134 and 135: Table 60. Logistic Regression of Ch
Page 140 and 141: County in either fall 2009 or fall
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6. Percent of Focal Children
Page 144 and 145: Next, we conducted logistic regress
Page 146 and 147: Table 68. Selected Maternal and Chi
Page 148 and 149: R 2 .180*p < .05, **p < .01, or ***
Page 150 and 151: SummarySimilar to previous analyses
Page 154 and 155: Parenting PracticesWhen surveyed in
Page 156 and 157: We also looked at the stability of
Page 158 and 159: Service Use, Maternal Functioning,
Page 160 and 161: Conclusions and ImplicationsMore th
Page 162 and 163: Meanwhile, our findings indicate th
Page 164 and 165: literacy skills, families who do no
Page 166 and 167: BibliographyAbidin, R. R. (1995). P
Page 168 and 169: Dinan, K. A. (2005a). Federal polic
Page 170 and 171: Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., McC
Page 172 and 173: Weisner, T. S. (1984). A cross-cult
Page 174 and 175: What are pathways to service use? W
Page 176 and 177: Table A- 1. FOCiS Codes for MCHP Se
Page 178 and 179: Table A- 2. Interview Study Samplin
Page 180 and 181: Table A- 3. Household Survey Topics
Page 182 and 183: Table A- 5. Reasons for Sample Attr
Page 184 and 185: we sought to identify the ecologica
Page 186 and 187: Table B- 2. Characteritics of TGA M
Page 188 and 189: Figure B- 1. Characteristics of Mot
Page 192 and 193: Figure B- 5. Percentage of PBC Moth
Page 194 and 195: Table B- 5. Logistic Regression Pre
Page 198 and 199: Table B- 7. Characteristics of TGA
Page 200 and 201: Table B- 9. Logistic Regression Pre
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Type of Enhanced Service2009N% of M
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Table B- 12. Logistic Regression Pr
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Numberof BirthswithReferrals2009 TG
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Table B- 15. OLS Logistic Regressio
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Table C- 1. Selected Characteristic
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Table C- 4. Social and Emotional Be
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Table C- 7. Communication Skills of
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Table C- 11. Emerging Literacy and
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Table C- 14. Mothers’ Negative Pa
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Number of Different Arrangements ac
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Figure C- 1. Mean Days of MCHP Serv
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Table C- 19. Characteristics of Mot
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Table C- 22. Number of Service Area
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Table C- 23. Number of Services Use
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Table C- 25. Linear Regression Anal
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Table C- 27. Baseline Characteristi
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2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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