2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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significant levels of stress. Parenting stress scores for the mothers in the year 5 sample ranged from 36 to147 with a mean of 66.5. Also, 17 percent of the sample had a score at or above 86.Similar to the analysis of maternal depression, we conducted logistic regression analyses on parentingstress in year 5 to examine which variables remain statistically significant after taking into accountpossible correlations among the explanatory variables (see Table 58). Note that because parenting stresswas not measured in year 1, and because we think it is important to account for previous levels of thisvariable, we measured this variable and other characteristics of the mothers at year 2, instead of atbaseline. 59 Accordingly, we looked at the average number of services used and the receipt of help withparenting information at any time during years 3 through 5.In year 4, we found that the average number of services used in previous years was related significantly tothe odds of experiencing high parenting stress, with use of more services associated with higher odds ofincreased stress. We interpreted this result as potentially reflective of greater underlying needs amongmothers with high stress scores. However, in year 5, we do not find a significant relationship between theaverage number of services used and parenting stress (see Table 58). We also do not find a significantrelationship between receipt of help with parenting information and parenting stress, which is consistentwith the year 4 results.Similar to the year 4 results, the odds of a black, foreign-born mother having a clinically significant levelof parenting stress are over 5 times the odds for a Hispanic, foreign-born mother in both models. The factthat these mothers also have significantly higher odds of experiencing depression, as shown in theprevious section, is of concern. Interestingly, we find that U.S.-born Hispanic mothers have significantlylower odds of high stress, relative to foreign-born Hispanic mothers (although this result was not found inyear 4). Finally, as expected, mothers with high levels of parenting stress in year 2 had significantlyincreased odds of having higher levels of parenting stress in year 5.59 The exception is the DCF involvement variable. At the time of this writing, we only had information on DCF involvementthrough the first year of the focal child’s life.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 109
Table 58. Logistic Regression of Mothers’ Parenting Stress at Year 5 aPredictor VariableModel 1 b Model 2Odds Ratio Sig. Odds Ratio Sig.Average number of services, years 3–5 0.9 NS — —Received help obtaining parenting information services,years 3–5— — 1.5 NSYear 2 CharacteristicsRace/nativityBlack—U.S.-born 0.4 NS 0.4 NSBlack—foreign-born 5.5 ** 5.6 **Hispanic—U.S.-born 0.1 * 0.1 *Hispanic—foreign-born (excluded category) — — — —White/other 0.5 NS 0.4 NSEducationLess than high school diploma 1.0 NS 1.0 NSHigh school graduate 0.6 NS 0.7 NSPost–high school education (excluded category) — — — —Teen mother (at birth of focal child) 2.3 NS 2.4 NSGlades 1.1 NS 1.2 NSNumber of children 1.2 NS 1.2 NSLives with husband/partner 0.9 NS 0.9 NSMother employed 1.0 NS 1.1 NSIncome at or below poverty 1.0 NS 1.0 NSChild with special needs 0.8 NS 0.7 NSNumber of housing problems 1.0 NS 1.0 NSDepression: CES-D score > 16 1.6 NS 1.6 NSParenting stress index ≥ 86 6.5 *** 6.1 ***Family/friend support score 1.0 NS 1.0 NSDCF involvement in child’s first year 1.3 NS 1.4 NSχ 2 47.9*** 48.2***a Data were not weighted in this analysis.b We report results from two different models. In the first, we used average service use during years 3 through 5 as the primaryindependent variable; in the second, we used receipt of help with parenting information services during years 3 through 5.∧ p < .10, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.Parenting PracticesFor this section, we combined the positive and negative parenting scales discussed in chapter 4. Thus,mothers’ parenting practices were measured by the average frequency with which they engaged in 12Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 110
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FifthMarciaGouvêa2011
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AcknowledgmentsThis fifth report of
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Chapin Hall at the University of Ch
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List of TablesTable 1. Components o
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Table 58. Logistic Regression of Mo
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Table C- 24. Mothers’ Baseline an
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• In addition, we observed a pote
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kind of out-of-home educational exp
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IntroductionOver the last three dec
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eadiness and school success and in
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The study’s comprehensive, longit
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Table 2. Characteristics of Mothers
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The Year 5 Study SampleTable 4 show
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Household Structure, Employment, an
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Although mothers continued to repor
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Table 6. Family Income and Economic
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Specifically, mothers living outsid
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at the birth of the focal child tha
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Table 10. Reasons for Transportatio
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Health, Healthcare, and ChildDevelo
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two years of the study. In year 1 1
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Subsequent Pregnancies and Prenatal
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Children’s HealthcareMost (80%) o
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private plans or HMOs increased sig
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outside the TGAs to report that all
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Children’s Behavior and Developme
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cultural norms regarding what sorts
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Table 21. Emerging Pre-academic Ski
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the year 5 interview, over three-qu
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various activities, mothers reporte
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Negative Parenting PracticesThere i
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Table 28. Fathers’ Negative Paren
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Table 30. Parent Involvement Activi
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Table 32. Mothers’ Positive Paren
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Table 34. Mothers’ Parent Involve
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The most frequent parent involvemen
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3. Primary Childcare Arrange
Page 80 and 81: for 6 months, but when the subsidy
Page 82 and 83: ecause it is of particular interest
Page 84 and 85: types of care between mothers whose
Page 86 and 87: Table 40. Characteristics of Mother
Page 88 and 89: Table 41). Of the 204 children, 91
Page 90 and 91: commented on their children’s nee
Page 92 and 93: nonparental childcare arrangement f
Page 94 and 95: Informal and Community SupportAn un
Page 96 and 97: Table 46. Frequency of Husband/Part
Page 98 and 99: We also asked the mothers about the
Page 100 and 101: Table 49. Type of Family/Friends Su
Page 102 and 103: Access to Support by TGAFigure 5 sh
Page 104 and 105: Use of Formal ServicesA central que
Page 106 and 107: Correlates of At-Risk StatusA large
Page 108 and 109: services after 6 months. Among the
Page 110 and 111: Enhanced ServicesEnhanced services
Page 112 and 113: Termination of MCHP ServicesAs prev
Page 114 and 115: services were fairly stable, althou
Page 116 and 117: languages. The fact that more mothe
Page 118 and 119: In interpreting these results, it s
Page 120 and 121: Overall, mothers reported seeking h
Page 122 and 123: We found that in years 2 and 3, aft
Page 124 and 125: We also found that mothers tended t
Page 126 and 127: variables that could potentially be
Page 130 and 131: positive parenting items and 5 nega
Page 132 and 133: friend/neighbor/other), which were
Page 134 and 135: Table 60. Logistic Regression of Ch
Page 140 and 141: County in either fall 2009 or fall
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6. Percent of Focal Children
Page 144 and 145: Next, we conducted logistic regress
Page 146 and 147: Table 68. Selected Maternal and Chi
Page 148 and 149: R 2 .180*p < .05, **p < .01, or ***
Page 150 and 151: SummarySimilar to previous analyses
Page 152 and 153: less than a high school education,
Page 154 and 155: Parenting PracticesWhen surveyed in
Page 156 and 157: We also looked at the stability of
Page 158 and 159: Service Use, Maternal Functioning,
Page 160 and 161: Conclusions and ImplicationsMore th
Page 162 and 163: Meanwhile, our findings indicate th
Page 164 and 165: literacy skills, families who do no
Page 166 and 167: BibliographyAbidin, R. R. (1995). P
Page 168 and 169: Dinan, K. A. (2005a). Federal polic
Page 170 and 171: Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., McC
Page 172 and 173: Weisner, T. S. (1984). A cross-cult
Page 174 and 175: What are pathways to service use? W
Page 176 and 177: Table A- 1. FOCiS Codes for MCHP Se
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Table A- 2. Interview Study Samplin
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Table A- 3. Household Survey Topics
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Table A- 5. Reasons for Sample Attr
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we sought to identify the ecologica
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Table B- 2. Characteritics of TGA M
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Figure B- 1. Characteristics of Mot
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Figure B- 5. Percentage of PBC Moth
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Table B- 5. Logistic Regression Pre
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Table B- 7. Characteristics of TGA
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Table B- 9. Logistic Regression Pre
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Type of Enhanced Service2009N% of M
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Table B- 12. Logistic Regression Pr
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Numberof BirthswithReferrals2009 TG
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Table B- 15. OLS Logistic Regressio
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Table C- 1. Selected Characteristic
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Table C- 4. Social and Emotional Be
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Table C- 7. Communication Skills of
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Table C- 11. Emerging Literacy and
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Table C- 14. Mothers’ Negative Pa
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Number of Different Arrangements ac
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Figure C- 1. Mean Days of MCHP Serv
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Table C- 19. Characteristics of Mot
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Table C- 22. Number of Service Area
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Table C- 23. Number of Services Use
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Table C- 25. Linear Regression Anal
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Table C- 27. Baseline Characteristi
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2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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