2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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Negative Parenting PracticesThere is a considerable amount of evidence suggesting that maternal depression and harsh parenting canhave harmful effects on children’s social and emotional development (e.g., Bradley & Corwyn, 2007;Chang et al., 2004). 29 Thus, we also asked mothers about their so-called negative parenting practicesduring the previous 3 months. Just over half (60%) of all mothers reported that they had lost their temperwith their children; as shown in Table C- 14, foreign-born mothers were significantly more likely thanU.S.-born mothers to report that they’d lost their temper. A quarter of mothers said they had found hittingor spanking is a good way to get their children to listen; and another quarter (26%) said they got angrierwith their children than they had intended during the previous 3 months. Smaller percentages said that inthe past 3 months they had punished their children for not finishing the food on their plate (9%) or blamedtheir children for something that was not their fault (18%). U.S.-born mothers were significantly morelikely than foreign-born mothers to report the latter practice (see Table C- 14).Table 26. Year 5 Negative Parenting Practices during Previous 3 Months a% Husbands/% MothersMeanActivityPartnersFrequency b (SD)(N=310) (n=225)Lost temper with children 60 44 2.3 (.71)Found hitting/spanking a good way to get children to listen 25 22 2.5 (.64)Got more angry than meant to with children 26 14 2.4 (.68)Punished children for not finishing food on plate 9 7 2.1 (.79)Blamed children for something not their fault 18 12 2.7 (.58)Mean (SD) Negative Parenting Score (range: 0–1) c 0.19 (.23) 0.14 (.21)a Data were weighted to adjust for the oversampling of mothers in the Glades and mothers screened “at risk.”bLower number indicates higher frequency. Mean frequency calculated only for mothers who said either they or theirhusbands/partners had done each activity during the previous 3 months, using a 3-point scale: 3=“once or twice a month,” 2=“atleast once a week,” and 1=“daily or most days.”cThe mean score uses only items included in all surveys; the item “lost temper with child(ren)” was excluded in calculating themean.*Paired sample t-tests indicate that the following year-to-year differences are statistically significant at p < .05 or lower:temper(mother) vs. temper(partner); hitting(mother) vs. hitting(partner); angry(mother) vs. angry(partner); blamed(mother) vs.blamed(partner).Interestingly, mothers whose husbands/partners had had contact with their children in the previous 3months reported lower percentages of some negative parenting practices for their husband or partner thanthey reported for themselves (see Table 26). Specifically, mothers reported significantly lowerpercentages of husbands/partners losing their temper with the children and getting angrier than intended29 It is also important to note that the literature on parenting suggests that the relationships between positive and negativeparenting and children’s outcomes are complex and mediated by a number of factors, including children’s own personalities andtemperament and the other contexts, e.g., school, in which they develop.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 47
with the children. When asked about the frequency with which they or their husbands/partners engaged inany of the negative parenting practices, mothers reported that each practice occurred, on average, betweenonce or twice a month and once a week. However, blaming a child for something that was not the child’sfault occurred less frequently, on average less than once a month.Negative Parenting Practices over TimeBetween years 1 and 5, there was a significant decline in the percentage of mothers who said theypunished their children for not finishing the food on their plates (see Table 27); in addition, mothersreported a similar pattern with respect to husbands/partners who had had contact with the children duringthe past 3 months. Otherwise, the percentages of mothers reporting use of negative parenting practicesthemselves was relatively stable during the study period, although there were significant fluctuationsacross time for some practices. Specifically, there was an increase between years 1 and 2 in thepercentage of mothers who found hitting or spanking to be a good way to get their children to listen, butthe percentage remained stable in the years thereafter. Also, there was a significant decline between years1 and 4 in the percentage of mothers who said they had become angrier with their children than intended,but this percentage increased significantly in year 5. A similar pattern was found for mothers who saidthey blamed their children for something that was not their fault. There was more fluctuation in mother’sreports of the negative parenting practices of husbands/partners. The most significant changes to note aredecreases in the percentages of husbands/partners who were reported to have lost their temper with thechildren or to have found hitting or spanking to be a good way to get the children to listen.Table 27. Mothers’ Negative Parenting Practices over Time a % Mothers (N=310)ActivityYear 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5Lost temper with children (Y2) — 54 53 57 60Found hitting/spanking a good way to getchildren to listen22 29 30 29 25Got more angry than meant to with children 28 22 23 19 26Punished children for not finishing food onplate b 17 6 6 8 9Blamed children for something not theirfault b 20 13 11 10 18Mean (SD) Negative Parenting Score(range:0–1) c 0.19 (.26) 0.18 (.24) 0.17 (.22) 0.16 (.22) 0.19 (.23)a Data were weighted to adjust for the oversampling of mothers in the Glades and mothers screened “at risk.”b Asked only of mothers with children 1 year or older (n=163 in year 1 and n=306 in year 2).c Mean parenting scores are based on parenting items included in all five surveys. (Y2) and (Y3) indicate items added in year 2 oryear 3 that were excluded in the calculation of mean scores.*Paired sample t-tests indicate that the following year-to-year differences are statistically significant at p < .05 or lower: hitting1vs. hitting2; hitting1 vs. hitting3; hitting1 vs. hitting4; hitting3 vs. hitting5; angry1 vs. angry2; angry1 vs. angry4; angry4 vs.angry5; food1 vs. food2; food1 vs. food3; food1 vs. food4; food1 vs. food5; blame3 vs. blame5; blame4 vs. blame5; temper2 vs.temper5; temper3 vs. temper5; score4 vs. score5.Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago 48
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FifthMarciaGouvêa2011
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AcknowledgmentsThis fifth report of
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Chapin Hall at the University of Ch
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List of TablesTable 1. Components o
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Table 58. Logistic Regression of Mo
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Table C- 24. Mothers’ Baseline an
Page 16 and 17: • In addition, we observed a pote
Page 18 and 19: kind of out-of-home educational exp
Page 20 and 21: IntroductionOver the last three dec
Page 22 and 23: eadiness and school success and in
Page 24 and 25: The study’s comprehensive, longit
Page 26 and 27: Table 2. Characteristics of Mothers
Page 28 and 29: The Year 5 Study SampleTable 4 show
Page 30 and 31: Household Structure, Employment, an
Page 32 and 33: Although mothers continued to repor
Page 34 and 35: Table 6. Family Income and Economic
Page 36 and 37: Specifically, mothers living outsid
Page 38 and 39: at the birth of the focal child tha
Page 40 and 41: Table 10. Reasons for Transportatio
Page 42 and 43: Health, Healthcare, and ChildDevelo
Page 44 and 45: two years of the study. In year 1 1
Page 46 and 47: Subsequent Pregnancies and Prenatal
Page 48 and 49: Children’s HealthcareMost (80%) o
Page 50 and 51: private plans or HMOs increased sig
Page 52 and 53: outside the TGAs to report that all
Page 54 and 55: Children’s Behavior and Developme
Page 56 and 57: cultural norms regarding what sorts
Page 58 and 59: Table 21. Emerging Pre-academic Ski
Page 60 and 61: the year 5 interview, over three-qu
Page 62: various activities, mothers reporte
Page 68 and 69: Table 28. Fathers’ Negative Paren
Page 70 and 71: Table 30. Parent Involvement Activi
Page 72 and 73: Table 32. Mothers’ Positive Paren
Page 74 and 75: Table 34. Mothers’ Parent Involve
Page 76 and 77: The most frequent parent involvemen
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3. Primary Childcare Arrange
Page 80 and 81: for 6 months, but when the subsidy
Page 82 and 83: ecause it is of particular interest
Page 84 and 85: types of care between mothers whose
Page 86 and 87: Table 40. Characteristics of Mother
Page 88 and 89: Table 41). Of the 204 children, 91
Page 90 and 91: commented on their children’s nee
Page 92 and 93: nonparental childcare arrangement f
Page 94 and 95: Informal and Community SupportAn un
Page 96 and 97: Table 46. Frequency of Husband/Part
Page 98 and 99: We also asked the mothers about the
Page 100 and 101: Table 49. Type of Family/Friends Su
Page 102 and 103: Access to Support by TGAFigure 5 sh
Page 104 and 105: Use of Formal ServicesA central que
Page 106 and 107: Correlates of At-Risk StatusA large
Page 108 and 109: services after 6 months. Among the
Page 110 and 111: Enhanced ServicesEnhanced services
Page 112 and 113: Termination of MCHP ServicesAs prev
Page 114 and 115: services were fairly stable, althou
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languages. The fact that more mothe
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In interpreting these results, it s
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Overall, mothers reported seeking h
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We found that in years 2 and 3, aft
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We also found that mothers tended t
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variables that could potentially be
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significant levels of stress. Paren
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positive parenting items and 5 nega
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friend/neighbor/other), which were
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Table 60. Logistic Regression of Ch
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County in either fall 2009 or fall
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Figure 6. Percent of Focal Children
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Next, we conducted logistic regress
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Table 68. Selected Maternal and Chi
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R 2 .180*p < .05, **p < .01, or ***
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SummarySimilar to previous analyses
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less than a high school education,
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Parenting PracticesWhen surveyed in
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We also looked at the stability of
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Service Use, Maternal Functioning,
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Conclusions and ImplicationsMore th
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Meanwhile, our findings indicate th
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literacy skills, families who do no
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BibliographyAbidin, R. R. (1995). P
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Dinan, K. A. (2005a). Federal polic
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Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., McC
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Weisner, T. S. (1984). A cross-cult
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What are pathways to service use? W
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Table A- 1. FOCiS Codes for MCHP Se
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Table A- 2. Interview Study Samplin
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Table A- 3. Household Survey Topics
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Table A- 5. Reasons for Sample Attr
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we sought to identify the ecologica
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Table B- 2. Characteritics of TGA M
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Figure B- 1. Characteristics of Mot
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Figure B- 5. Percentage of PBC Moth
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Table B- 5. Logistic Regression Pre
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Table B- 7. Characteristics of TGA
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Table B- 9. Logistic Regression Pre
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Type of Enhanced Service2009N% of M
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Table B- 12. Logistic Regression Pr
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Numberof BirthswithReferrals2009 TG
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Table B- 15. OLS Logistic Regressio
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Table C- 1. Selected Characteristic
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Table C- 4. Social and Emotional Be
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Table C- 7. Communication Skills of
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Table C- 11. Emerging Literacy and
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Table C- 14. Mothers’ Negative Pa
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Number of Different Arrangements ac
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Figure C- 1. Mean Days of MCHP Serv
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Table C- 19. Characteristics of Mot
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Table C- 22. Number of Service Area
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Table C- 23. Number of Services Use
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Table C- 25. Linear Regression Anal
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Table C- 27. Baseline Characteristi
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2011 The Palm Beach County Family Study (Full Report)

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