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A Basis for calculations Wind turbines are subjected to environmental conditions that effect their loading, durabil- ity and operation. To ensure an appropriate level of safety and reliability these conditions are explicitly defined in this appendix and taken into account in the design. The environmental conditions are divided into wind conditions and other environmental conditions. Section A.1 contains the wind conditions that are the primary external consid- erations for structural integrity and aerodynamic performance. Section A.2 defines other relevant environmental data, such as air density and temperatures. Load cases, which form the basis for structural calculations in accordance with IEC 61400- 2, are established in section A.3. Reference is made to the nomenclature in chapter 14 that defines the symbols, subscripts, abbreviated terms and graphical representations used in the present appendix. A.1 Wind conditions The environmental conditions that are to be considered during design of a wind turbine depend on the specific site of installation. The wind turbine designed in this project thesis is however intended to be used in a variety of different sites around the world. Therefore a typical design site, which represents the characteristic values of many different sites, has been established with input from EWB and their collaborative partners. The site character- istics cause the wind turbine to be classified a class IV in accordance with the standard SWT classes of IEC 61400-2 [5, p. 45]. This class defines basic external conditions in terms of wind speeds at hub height, as indicated in table A.1. 119
LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBASIS FOR CALCULATIONS Wind speed Symbol Value Average wind speed Vave 6 m/s Reference wind speed Vref 30 m/s Table A.1: External wind conditions for Class IV wind turbine The present wind turbine configuration meets the requirements of IEC 61400-2, which makes it possible to use simplified load and wind distribution models for calculations [5, p. 67]. The requirements are: 120 � Horizontal-axis � 2 or more bladed propeller-type rotor � Cantilever blades � Rigid hub (not teetering or hinged hub) Among other things the simplified models mean that wind speeds are assumed to be Rayleigh distributed, whereby the wind distribution at hub height is given by the following probability density function [12, p. 59]: � V pR( V) 2 2 Vave e � � 4 � The statistical distribution of (A.1) is equal to a Weibull distribution with a so called shape parameter of 2. With Vave equal to 6 m/s the function may be represented graphically: � � � V Vave � � � 2 (A.1)
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WIND TURBINE DESIGN
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ABSTRACT At the request of the Engi
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CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...........
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E Structural analysis of blades ...
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INTRODUCTION members. Today EWB-DK
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INTRODUCTION Figure 1.2: Left pictu
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INTRODUCTION 6
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PROBLEM STATEMENT reconfigured with
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PROBLEM STATEMENT 10
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METHODOLOGY Figure 3.1: Flow chart
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METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 Calculation meth
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CONCEPTUALISATION the kinetic wind
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CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.3: (a) D
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CONCEPTUALISATION issues due to tur
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CONCEPTUALISATION 22 Figure 4.8: Ty
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CONCEPTUALISATION � Darrieus 24 F
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CONCEPTUALISATION 26 Figure 4.13: G
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CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.14: Powe
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CONCEPTUALISATION 30 ID Requirement
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CONCEPTUALISATION most suitable sol
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CONCEPTUALISATION The embodiment de
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The main dimens
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The design prop
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The background
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ROTOR 42 6.1 Number of blades Moder
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ROTOR 44 Figure 6.4: Blade design s
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ROTOR Table 6.3 provides a material
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ROTOR Figure 6.7 displays the lift
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ROTOR Figure 6.9: Rotor power outpu
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ROTOR 6.2.3 Manufacturing During th
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ROTOR 54 The three sides of the tem
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ROTOR When the carving process is f
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ROTOR 58 Figure 6.17: Blade attachm
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ROTOR 60 Figure 6.19: Rotor power o
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ROTOR 62 Figure 6.22: Efficiency
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ROTOR sidering the output from the
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ROTOR 66
Page 75 and 76: GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 68
Page 77 and 78: GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM The
Page 79 and 80: GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Fig
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Page 83 and 84: YAW AND FURLING For an upwind wind
Page 85 and 86: YAW AND FURLING (16), which are bol
Page 87 and 88: YAW AND FURLING 80 8.2 Furling syst
Page 89 and 90: YAW AND FURLING 82 8.3 Summary The
Page 91 and 92: TOWER Concrete tower 84 Figure 9.1:
Page 93 and 94: TOWER 86 Figure 9.4: Turbulent air
Page 95 and 96: TOWER Figure 9.7 shows the tower ba
Page 97 and 98: TOWER models [41, p. 111]. Under ce
Page 99 and 100: ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 92 10.1 Ai
Page 101 and 102: ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 94 10.3 Su
Page 103 and 104: DESIGN EVALUATION 96 6 W Low-cost m
Page 105 and 106: DESIGN EVALUATION Weaknesses 1) The
Page 107 and 108: FURTHER DEVELOPMENT � Foundation
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Page 111 and 112: CONCLUSION proposal is highly flexi
Page 113 and 114: NOMENCLATURE Abbreviation Descripti
Page 115 and 116: NOMENCLATURE Lgs Distance between u
Page 117 and 118: NOMENCLATURE 110
Page 119 and 120: BIBLIOGRAPHY [14] Magenn Power Inc.
Page 121 and 122: BIBLIOGRAPHY [53] H. J. Larsen, H.
Page 123 and 124: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBASIS FOR CALCUL
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Page 139 and 140: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Thi
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Page 143 and 144: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Cho
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Page 147 and 148: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR DESIGN TOO
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Page 151 and 152: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL With the
Page 153 and 154: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL Complete
Page 155 and 156: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL ANALY
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL ANALY
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBLADE ATTACHMENT
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL VERIF
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSTOWER ANALYSIS T
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSFURLING AND YAW
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSALTERNATIVE AIRF
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSCOMPLIANCE WITH
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