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H Tower analysis The present appendix contains a verification of the structural integrity of the tower in accordance with IEC 61400-2. The tower loads are found in appendix A.3 to be: Load case Tower load G H Table H.1: Tower loads In both load cases the loads are ultimate and the tower components should thus meet the following requirement: Where �design � �design is the design stress from the load case fk is the characteristic material strength �m is the partial safety factor for the material �f is the partial safety factor for the load FT.tot � 13.9 kN MT � 3.79 kN m (H.1) The tower is manufactured from steel S355, which has a characteristic ultimate strength of 510 MPa. The values of the partial safety factors are established in accordance with IEC 61400-2 under the assumption of so called full characterisation of the material properties [5, p. 89]. This implies that factors such as environmental effects and manufacturing meth- ods have been taken into consideration when determining the material properties. �m is set to 1.1 and �f to 3.0. This results in the following ultimate limit state: f k � m � f 195
LIST OF ATTACHMENTSTOWER ANALYSIS The tower stresses from the load cases are calculated below and compared to the limit state. 196 H.1 Load case G �lim.u � The load case combines a shaft thrust load with drag forces on the tail vane and the tower to a maximum tower load in survival wind. In accordance with [5, p. 77], the maximum bending moment is assumed to occur at the upper guy wire attachment. The position of the load is considered at the centre of the rotor shaft, as this is the position of the dominating part of the combined load. Figure H.1 shows the load position and the dimensions used in the stress calculation. f k � m � f � 155 MPa Figure H.1: Load position and dimensions used in calculations The bending moment at the guy wire attachment (cross-section 1) is calculated by: ’ (H.2)
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WIND TURBINE DESIGN
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ABSTRACT At the request of the Engi
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CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...........
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E Structural analysis of blades ...
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INTRODUCTION members. Today EWB-DK
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INTRODUCTION Figure 1.2: Left pictu
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INTRODUCTION 6
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PROBLEM STATEMENT reconfigured with
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PROBLEM STATEMENT 10
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METHODOLOGY Figure 3.1: Flow chart
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METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 Calculation meth
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CONCEPTUALISATION the kinetic wind
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CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.3: (a) D
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CONCEPTUALISATION issues due to tur
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CONCEPTUALISATION 22 Figure 4.8: Ty
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CONCEPTUALISATION � Darrieus 24 F
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CONCEPTUALISATION 26 Figure 4.13: G
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CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.14: Powe
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CONCEPTUALISATION 30 ID Requirement
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CONCEPTUALISATION most suitable sol
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CONCEPTUALISATION The embodiment de
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The main dimens
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The design prop
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The background
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ROTOR 42 6.1 Number of blades Moder
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ROTOR 44 Figure 6.4: Blade design s
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ROTOR Table 6.3 provides a material
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ROTOR Figure 6.7 displays the lift
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ROTOR Figure 6.9: Rotor power outpu
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ROTOR 6.2.3 Manufacturing During th
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ROTOR 54 The three sides of the tem
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ROTOR When the carving process is f
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ROTOR 58 Figure 6.17: Blade attachm
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ROTOR 60 Figure 6.19: Rotor power o
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ROTOR 62 Figure 6.22: Efficiency
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ROTOR sidering the output from the
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ROTOR 66
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 68
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM The
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Fig
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 74
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YAW AND FURLING For an upwind wind
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YAW AND FURLING (16), which are bol
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YAW AND FURLING 80 8.2 Furling syst
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YAW AND FURLING 82 8.3 Summary The
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TOWER Concrete tower 84 Figure 9.1:
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TOWER 86 Figure 9.4: Turbulent air
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TOWER Figure 9.7 shows the tower ba
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TOWER models [41, p. 111]. Under ce
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ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 92 10.1 Ai
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ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 94 10.3 Su
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DESIGN EVALUATION 96 6 W Low-cost m
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DESIGN EVALUATION Weaknesses 1) The
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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT � Foundation
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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 102
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CONCLUSION proposal is highly flexi
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NOMENCLATURE Abbreviation Descripti
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NOMENCLATURE Lgs Distance between u
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NOMENCLATURE 110
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [14] Magenn Power Inc.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [53] H. J. Larsen, H.
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBASIS FOR CALCUL
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Thi
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY 134
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Cho
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY 138
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR DESIGN TOO
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR DESIGN TOO
Page 151 and 152: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL With the
Page 153 and 154: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL Complete
Page 155 and 156: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL ANALY
Page 191 and 192: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBLADE ATTACHMENT
Page 197 and 198: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL VERIF
Page 199 and 200: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL VERIF
Page 201: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL VERIF
Page 205 and 206: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSTOWER ANALYSIS T
Page 207 and 208: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSTOWER ANALYSIS T
Page 209 and 210: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSFURLING AND YAW
Page 221 and 222: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSALTERNATIVE AIRF
Page 231: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSCOMPLIANCE WITH
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