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Assumption Description Medium term load-duration class M BLADE ATTACHMENT States a load-duration from 1 week to 6 months of the total life time a [53, p. 45] Service class 3 The service class is used for components that are fully exposed to wetting [53, p. 44] High safety class Is used as failure may cause personal injury or consider- able social consequences [53, p. 43] Bolt quality 4.6 Implying a bolt yield strength of 240 MPa and an ulti- mate strength of 400 MPa [31, p. 63] a) Load case E occurs at a wind speed of 14 m/s. U<strong>sin</strong>g the probability function of appendix A.1, it may be calculated that the load-duration over a period of 19 years, which is the estimated longevity of the wind turbine, is 59 days. Table F.2: Description of the assumptions used in the calculations From the above correction factor kmod is set to 0.722 [53, p. 40]. The partial coefficient �m is set to 1.80 [53, p. 48] and �f is set to 1.5 [53, p. 47]. This is equal to a summarised safety factor of 3.7. Fk of (F.1) is calculated from the combined load capacity of one bolt connection and one press-in connector. This is multiplied by the number of bolts in the joint connection, under the assumption that the load capacity is equal for all components in the connection [31, p. 92]. Where the variables are: Fk � �Fpi � Fb�nb � 21.4kN Description Symbol Value Rated load capacity for press-in connector Fpi 4.1 kN Rated load capacity for bolt connection Fb 3.03 kN Number of bolts in the connection nb 3 Table F.3: Load capacity for press-in connectors and bolts From the above, the limit state is now calculated: kmod Fk Flim.u � � 5.71kN � m� f This is compared to the centrifugal load FzB of load case E, which is 5.25 kN. FzB � Flim.u (F.2) (F.3) (F.4) 185
LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBLADE ATTACHMENT The limit state is not exceeded so it is concluded that the load carrying capacity of the blade joint connection is sufficient. It is noted that the rated load capacity for the bolt connection is based on a density �w for coniferous trees of 380 kg/m 3 and an embedding strength fh of 25 MPa. As stated in appendix E.2 the density of the blade wood �w is 571 kg/m 3 , which increases the load capacity to [31, p. 63]: The 65% increase in load capacity is considered as an extra safety factor, which makes the present calculation conservative. 186 � � w 41.2 fh � 0.082 1 � 0.01db � MPa (F.5)
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WIND TURBINE DESIGN
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ABSTRACT At the request of the Engi
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CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...........
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E Structural analysis of blades ...
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INTRODUCTION members. Today EWB-DK
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INTRODUCTION Figure 1.2: Left pictu
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INTRODUCTION 6
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PROBLEM STATEMENT reconfigured with
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PROBLEM STATEMENT 10
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METHODOLOGY Figure 3.1: Flow chart
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METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 Calculation meth
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CONCEPTUALISATION the kinetic wind
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CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.3: (a) D
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CONCEPTUALISATION issues due to tur
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CONCEPTUALISATION 22 Figure 4.8: Ty
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CONCEPTUALISATION � Darrieus 24 F
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CONCEPTUALISATION 26 Figure 4.13: G
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CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.14: Powe
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CONCEPTUALISATION 30 ID Requirement
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CONCEPTUALISATION most suitable sol
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CONCEPTUALISATION The embodiment de
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The main dimens
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The design prop
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DESIGN PRESENTATION The background
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ROTOR 42 6.1 Number of blades Moder
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ROTOR 44 Figure 6.4: Blade design s
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ROTOR Table 6.3 provides a material
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ROTOR Figure 6.7 displays the lift
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ROTOR Figure 6.9: Rotor power outpu
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ROTOR 6.2.3 Manufacturing During th
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ROTOR 54 The three sides of the tem
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ROTOR When the carving process is f
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ROTOR 58 Figure 6.17: Blade attachm
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ROTOR 60 Figure 6.19: Rotor power o
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ROTOR 62 Figure 6.22: Efficiency
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ROTOR sidering the output from the
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ROTOR 66
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 68
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM The
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Fig
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 74
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YAW AND FURLING For an upwind wind
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YAW AND FURLING (16), which are bol
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YAW AND FURLING 80 8.2 Furling syst
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YAW AND FURLING 82 8.3 Summary The
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TOWER Concrete tower 84 Figure 9.1:
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TOWER 86 Figure 9.4: Turbulent air
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TOWER Figure 9.7 shows the tower ba
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TOWER models [41, p. 111]. Under ce
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ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 92 10.1 Ai
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ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 94 10.3 Su
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DESIGN EVALUATION 96 6 W Low-cost m
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DESIGN EVALUATION Weaknesses 1) The
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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT � Foundation
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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 102
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CONCLUSION proposal is highly flexi
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NOMENCLATURE Abbreviation Descripti
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NOMENCLATURE Lgs Distance between u
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NOMENCLATURE 110
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [14] Magenn Power Inc.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [53] H. J. Larsen, H.
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBASIS FOR CALCUL
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Thi
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Page 143 and 144: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Cho
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Page 147 and 148: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR DESIGN TOO
Page 149 and 150: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR DESIGN TOO
Page 151 and 152: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL With the
Page 153 and 154: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL Complete
Page 155 and 156: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL ANALY
Page 191: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBLADE ATTACHMENT
Page 195 and 196: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBLADE ATTACHMENT
Page 197 and 198: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL VERIF
Page 203 and 204: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSTOWER ANALYSIS T
Page 209 and 210: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSFURLING AND YAW
Page 221 and 222: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSALTERNATIVE AIRF
Page 231: LIST OF ATTACHMENTSCOMPLIANCE WITH
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