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2 Problem statement This chapter presents the results of the problem analysis that has been performed in the early stages of the project. The objective of the problem analysis is to clearly elaborate the project goals and the circumstances under which they have to be met. The two overall goals of the project are described below. � Selection of wind turbine concept While it is not the intention of this project to develop a new method of harvesting wind energy, it is however imperative for it to establish which existing wind turbine type is most suitable for the present purpose, as this will constitute the basis of the further development. There exist several types of wind turbine systems that can be classified according to aerodynamic and mechanical characteristics. Selection of the most suitable type is to be achieved by evaluation of each concept’s accommodation to the wishes of the requirement specification and a general technical assessment of the concepts. � Wind turbine design The selected concept is to be developed into a wind turbine that is capable of producing 1500 W of generator power at a wind speed of 12 m/s. Focus is placed on the overall design of the wind turbine with significant emphasis on mechanical components and aerodynamic analysis. The wind turbine design should be producible at a typical local technological level, making it possible to manufacture it in the majority of the rural areas that EWB operates in. It can be assumed that conventional manufacturing processes such as milling, turning, drilling, grinding and welding are available in close vicinity. In areas where this is not the case EWB will provide the necessary facilities or ultimately bring manufactured components, al- though this will minimise the local involvement. The intended wind turbine is flexible in the sense that details of the construction can be easily modified in future design variants. E.g. it is preferred that complex blades can be manufactured from different materials and that the mechanical fastening techniques and design will allow for the wind turbine to be 7
PROBLEM STATEMENT reconfigured with different types of blades and towers. This is considered vital as the component and material availability in developing countries varies. The above mentioned considerations to manufacturability and flexibility are to be made without neglecting the overall quality of the proposed wind turbine, as it will function as a fundamental design platform from which locally matched design variants may be created. Further elaboration of the project goals is accomplished by translating the wishes and needs of EWB into product requirements and subsequently compiling them in a requirement list. This thus represents the specification against which the success of the project can be judged. The resulting product requirements are identified either as demands or wishes. Demands are defined as requirements that must be met under all circumstances. In other words, if any of these requirements are not fulfilled the solution is unacceptable. Wishes are requirements that are to be taken into consideration whenever possible, thus describing the quality of the solution. The demands are quantified to the extent that it is possible, while wishes primarily are relative parameters, defined in the clearest possible terms, and used as evaluation criteria in the conceptual phase. Both the quantitative and qualitative requirements are tabulated in table 2.1 below. 8 ID D/W Requirements Electrical / Performance requirements 1 D 1500 W ± 1% nominal power output from the generator a 2 D 48 V DC system voltage Manufacturing requirements 3 W Ability to manufacture the wind turbine locally u<strong>sin</strong>g standard operations b 4 W Flexibility in choice of blade materials 5 W Low manufacturing tolerance demands 6 W Low-cost materials and parts Normative requirements 7 D Compliance with selected parts of IEC 61400-2 c Service requirements 8 W Ability to perform localised maintenance 9 W Low maintenance requirements and high life expectancy Design requirements 10 W Flexibility for reconfiguration with different components 11 D Ability to install wind turbine manually, i.e. without a crane a) Under the conditions defined in appendix B.1 and u<strong>sin</strong>g the generator specified in chapter 7 b) Milling, turning, drilling, grinding and welding c) See appendix K for elaboration of the relevant parts of IEC 61400-2 Table 2.1: Requirement list containing demands and wishes for the wind turbine design
Page 1 and 2: WIND TURBINE DESIGN
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT At the request of the Engi
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...........
Page 7 and 8: E Structural analysis of blades ...
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION members. Today EWB-DK
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION Figure 1.2: Left pictu
Page 13: INTRODUCTION 6
Page 17 and 18: PROBLEM STATEMENT 10
Page 19 and 20: METHODOLOGY Figure 3.1: Flow chart
Page 21 and 22: METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 Calculation meth
Page 23 and 24: CONCEPTUALISATION the kinetic wind
Page 25 and 26: CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.3: (a) D
Page 27 and 28: CONCEPTUALISATION issues due to tur
Page 29 and 30: CONCEPTUALISATION 22 Figure 4.8: Ty
Page 31 and 32: CONCEPTUALISATION � Darrieus 24 F
Page 33 and 34: CONCEPTUALISATION 26 Figure 4.13: G
Page 35 and 36: CONCEPTUALISATION Figure 4.14: Powe
Page 37 and 38: CONCEPTUALISATION 30 ID Requirement
Page 39 and 40: CONCEPTUALISATION most suitable sol
Page 41 and 42: CONCEPTUALISATION The embodiment de
Page 43 and 44: DESIGN PRESENTATION The main dimens
Page 45 and 46: DESIGN PRESENTATION The design prop
Page 47 and 48: DESIGN PRESENTATION The background
Page 49 and 50: ROTOR 42 6.1 Number of blades Moder
Page 51 and 52: ROTOR 44 Figure 6.4: Blade design s
Page 53 and 54: ROTOR Table 6.3 provides a material
Page 55 and 56: ROTOR Figure 6.7 displays the lift
Page 57 and 58: ROTOR Figure 6.9: Rotor power outpu
Page 59 and 60: ROTOR 6.2.3 Manufacturing During th
Page 61 and 62: ROTOR 54 The three sides of the tem
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ROTOR 58 Figure 6.17: Blade attachm
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ROTOR 60 Figure 6.19: Rotor power o
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ROTOR 62 Figure 6.22: Efficiency
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ROTOR sidering the output from the
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ROTOR 66
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 68
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM The
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Fig
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GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 74
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YAW AND FURLING For an upwind wind
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YAW AND FURLING (16), which are bol
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YAW AND FURLING 80 8.2 Furling syst
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YAW AND FURLING 82 8.3 Summary The
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TOWER Concrete tower 84 Figure 9.1:
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TOWER 86 Figure 9.4: Turbulent air
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TOWER Figure 9.7 shows the tower ba
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TOWER models [41, p. 111]. Under ce
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ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 92 10.1 Ai
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ALTERNATIVE BLADE DESIGN 94 10.3 Su
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DESIGN EVALUATION 96 6 W Low-cost m
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DESIGN EVALUATION Weaknesses 1) The
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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT � Foundation
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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 102
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CONCLUSION proposal is highly flexi
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NOMENCLATURE Abbreviation Descripti
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NOMENCLATURE Lgs Distance between u
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NOMENCLATURE 110
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [14] Magenn Power Inc.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [53] H. J. Larsen, H.
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBASIS FOR CALCUL
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Thi
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY 134
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY Cho
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR THEORY 138
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR DESIGN TOO
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSROTOR DESIGN TOO
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL With the
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSAIRFOIL Complete
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL ANALY
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSBLADE ATTACHMENT
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSSTRUCTURAL VERIF
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSTOWER ANALYSIS T
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSFURLING AND YAW
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSALTERNATIVE AIRF
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTSCOMPLIANCE WITH
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