DISPATCHESanalyzed. We calculated measures of central tendencyand dispersion for scores obtained in indicators reportedby using Stata <strong>version</strong> 10.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station,TX, USA).Results are shown in the Table. In terms of readingdifficulty, mean Flesch Reading Ease score for all informationwas 48.85 (SD 7.76; 95% CI 40.69–57.00) andindicated difficult to read. WHO information was easiestto read (score 62.3); information from Australia was mostdifficult to read (score 42). Mean Gunning FOG Indexwas 12.6 (SD 1.68; 95% CI 10.83–14.36) and indicateddifficult to read. Again, written content from WHO andAustralia were at the easiest and most difficult readinglevels, respectively.Factsheets from PHE and Canada required a 12th USschool grade reading level to be understood, and the CDCand WHO factsheets required a 9th US school grade readinglevel. Comparable results were obtained with Coleman-Liau Index and the SMOG (simple measure of gobbledygook)formula. The Automated Readability Index for allmaterials was 10.7 (SD 1.97; 95% CI 8.62–12.77) andrequired an age of 15–16 years to understand the text. Finally,information from PHE and Australia was written atthe most demanding level according to the Linsear WriteFormula (score 14.1, or college level), and the CDC contentrequired an 8th US grade reading level for comprehension(score 8.4). The mean result for all content was 11.95(SD 2.42, 95% CI 9.40–14.49).ConclusionsOur analyses indicate that the information on EVD providedon websites of different public health agencies iswritten at a higher than recommended reading level. Forsuch a reason, a substantial proportion of citizens withlow literacy in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada,Australia, and Europe would have difficulty understandingkey EVD messages. These results are of concernbecause poor readability might prevent or delay adoptionof appropriate health-seeking behaviors, prolong ineffectiveself-care strategies, and perpetuate stigmatizing attitudestoward Ebola.Providing adequate EVD information for the publicmight be arduous. Uncertainties remain regarding optimalclinical management for Ebola patients and disagreementsin infection prevention and control protocols.The continued modification of procedures also demandsconstant public engagement efforts to avoid disseminationof conflicting messages and to ensure that informationreleased is up to date and presented at a level thatcan be adequately understood. Because there have beenlimited national communication campaigns in non–EVD-affected countries, it is likely that other outlets,including traditional mass media and social media, mighthave been used by the public to meet their informationneeds (13), with probable trade-offs between immediacyand accuracy or reliability of information provided. Thevariation of readability identified in our study suggeststhat with contributions from health literacy specialists,public health agencies could further adapt the EVD informationprovided.We recognize that persons accessing health informationonline are not representative of the average populationbecause they are more educated and benefit from betterinformation-seeking skills and health literacy (14). Thus,Table. Readability of Ebola public information published by selected public health agencies*Selected websiteGovernmentReadabilityformula ECDC (20.0)† PHE (16.40)† CDC (17.49)†of Canada(16.38)† WHO (NA)Gunning Fog 13.713.910.712.9 10.3 (fairlyIndex(hard to read) (hard to read) (hard to read) (hard to read) easy to read)Flesch Reading 48.245.45342.262.3Ease Score (difficult to (difficult to (fairly difficult (difficult to (standard/avg)AutomatedReadabilityIndexColeman-LiauIndexread)11.6(17–18 y old)read)12.5(18–19 y old)to read)7.8(12–14 y old)read)11.8(17–18 y old)8.6(13–15 y old)Government ofAustralia(12.55)†14.1(hard to read)42(difficult toread)11.9(17–18 y old)Mean ± SD(95% CI)12.6 ± 1.68(10.83–14.36)48.85 ± 7.76(40.69–57.00)10.7 ± 1.97(8.62–12.77)12(12th grade)12(12th grade)10(10th grade)13 (college) 9 (9th grade) 11(11th grade)11.16 ± 1.47(9.62–12.71)SMOG Index 10.7(11th grade)11(11th grade)9.4 (9th grade) 11.1(11th grade)8.4 (8th grade) 11.5(12th grade)10.35 ± 1.19(9.09–11.60)Linsear WriteFormula13 (college) 14.1 (college) 8.4 (8th grade) 12.6 (college) 9.5(10th grade)14.1 (college) 11.95 ± 2.42(9.40–14.49)Flesch-KincaidUS Grade Level11.3(11th grade)12.1(12th grade)9.2 (9th grade) 11.8(12th grade)8.8 (9th grade) 12.4(12th grade)10.93 ± 1.54(9.31–12.55)*ECDC, European Centre for Disease Control; PHE, Public Health England; CDC, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO, World HealthOrganization; NA, not applicable; avg, average; SMOG, simple measure of gobbledygook. Items in parentheses are general assessments, age levels, orUS-equivalent grade levels.†Percentage of adults 16–65 years of age with literacy proficiency below reading level recommended for health information materials. ECDC percentagerefers to a sample of 17 European Union Member States (12).1218 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 21, No. 7, July 2015
Readability of Ebola Information on Websitesthe online audience might be able to make more effectiveuse of information on websites analyzed. However, suchmight not be the case for persons whose first language isnot English, who might find information provided evenmore difficult to understand because of linguistic and culturalbarriers.It is accepted that readability measures alone may notreflect the level at which information is written (15). Becausethe Ebola epidemic has continued since our analysis,it might be possible for currently available informationto have been modified and display greater readability.Our analysis was not exhaustive because we assessedselected public health agencies in non–EVD-affectedcountries and concentrated in English language materials.Therefore, our findings might not be representative of allhealth pages with EVD information. However, we evaluatedkey official websites.Public health agencies in non–EVD-affected countriesmust improve the readability of EVD informationcurrently provided so that the public could adopt effectiveself-care strategies, avoid fear, and reduce unnecessarypanic and stigma toward persons affected by Ebola. In addition,agencies should consider multimodal Ebola awarenesscampaigns, including social marketing interventions,to encourage and strengthen public participation in Ebolacontrol efforts.This study was supported by the National Institute for HealthResearch Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare AssociatedInfection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial CollegeLondon in partnership with PHE.E.C.-S. was responsible for the design of the study and collecteddata. A.H.H. provided technical input during all stages of theproject and analysis. All authors were responsible for data analysis,contributed substantially to writing the manuscript, approvedits final <strong>version</strong>, had full access to all data in the study, and takeresponsibility for the integrity, accuracy, and presentation ofdata. E.C.-S. is the guarantor.Dr. Castro-Sánchez is the lead research nurse at the National Institutefor Health Research Health Protection Research Unit inHealthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistanceat Imperial College London, London, UK. His research interestsinclude health literacy in infectious diseases and healthcare-associatedinfections, and effect of social networks on clinicians andpatients’ attitudes to infection.References1. World Health Organization. Statement on the 1st meeting of theIHR emergency committee on the 2014 Ebola outbreak in WestAfrica. World Health Organization, IHR Emergency Committeeregarding Ebola; 2014 [cited 2014 Nov 11]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-20140808/en/2. World Health Organization. WHO Disease Outbreak News 1stOctober 2014: Ebola virus disease⎯United States of America. WorldHealth Organization, Global alert and response; 2014 [cited 2014Nov 11]. http://www.who.int/csr/don/01-october-2014-ebola/en/3. Ebola in West Africa: gaining community trust and confidence. Lancet.2014;383:1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60938-74. Mosquera M, Melendez V, Latasa P. Handling Europe’s first Ebolacase: internal hospital communication experience. Am J InfectControl. 2015;Feb 24:pii: S0196-6553(15)00033-4.5. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge forcontemporary health education and communication strategies intothe 21st century. Health Promotion International. 2000;15:259–67.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/15.3.2596. White S, Chen J, Atchison R. Relationship of preventive healthpractices and health literacy: a national study. Am J Health Behav.2008;32:227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.32.3.17. Rudd RE. Health literacy skills of U.S. adults. Am J Health Behav.2007;31(Suppl 1):S8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.31.s1.38. National Work Group on Literacy and Health. Communicatingwith patients who have limited literacy skills. J Fam Pract. 1998;46:168–76.9. Albright J, de Guzman C, Acebo P, Paiva D, Faulkner M,Swanson J. Readability of patient education materials: implicationsfor clinical practice. Appl Nurs Res. 1996;9:139–43.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(96)80254-010. Cotugna N, Vickery CE, Carpenter-Haefele KM. Evaluation ofliteracy level of patient education pages in health-related journals.J Community Health. 2005;30:213–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-004-1959-x11. Calvo MG, Carreiras M. Selective influence of test anxiety onreading processes. Br J Psychol. 1993;84:375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1993.tb02489.x12. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.OECD skills outlook 2013: first results from the survey ofadult skills. Paris: The Organisation; 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264204256-en13. van Bekkum JE, Hilton S. Primary care nurses’ experiences of howthe mass media influence frontline healthcare in the UK. BMC FamPract. 2013;14:178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-17814. Fox S. Digital divisions. Washington, DC: Pew Internet andAmerican Life Project; 2005 [cited 2014 Nov 11].http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2005/PIP_Digital_Divisions_Oct_5_2005.<strong>pdf</strong>15. Meade C, Smith C. Readability formulae: cautions and criteria.Patient Education and Counseling. 1991;17:153e8.Address for correspondence: Enrique Castro-Sánchez, National Institutefor Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in HealthcareAssociated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial CollegeLondon, London W12 0NN, UK; email: e.castro-sanchez@imperial.ac.ukEmerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 21, No. 7, July 2015 1219
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