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RESEARCHTable 3. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for enterically transmitted hepatitis E virus, Malawi*Characteristics Crude OR p value Adjusted OR (95% CI)Study, periodICAR, 1989–1995 Reference NA ReferenceSUCOMA, 1994–1999 2.80 0.03 3.54 (0.75–16.76)NVAZ, 2000–2003 1.39 0.51 1.59 (0.55–4.62)MWANZA, 2001 1.59 0.37 1.85 (0.51–6.70)METRO, 2003–2005 3.82 0.004 3.44 (1.37–8.67)PEPI, 2004–2009 1.59 0.35 1.87 (0.64–5.49)Enrollment year† 1.02 0.38 NAHIV statusHIV-negative Reference NA ReferenceHIV-positive 0.59 0.01 0.72 (0.38–1.36)Age, y† 1.01 0.56 1.00 (0.97–1.02)Age range, y15–19 Reference NA NA20–29 0.81 0.51 NA30–39 0.71 0.33 NA40–49 0.55 0.22 NA50–59 2.07 0.21 NA60–69 4.13 0.17 NASexM Reference NA 1.00F 0.83 0.36 1.40 (0.41–4.76)SettingRural Reference NA NAUrban 0.85 0.41 NARunning water in houseNo Reference NA 1.00Yes 0.61 0.06 1.40 (0.41–4.76)Electricity in houseNo Reference NA NAYes 0.82 0.40 NAEducationNone Reference NA NAAny 0.92 0.78 NAMarital statusMarried Reference NA NASingle 0.60 0.14 NAEmployment statusUnemployed Reference NA NAEmployed 1.18 0.41 NAParity† 0.90 0.61 NA*OR, odds ratio; ICAR, International Collaborations on AIDS Research; SUCOMA, a study of HIV prevalence among male workers for the SugarCompany of Malawi; NVAZ, a study of efficacy of nevirapine/zidovudinel post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV;MWANZA, a study of risk factors associated with prevalent HIV infection in the rural town of Malawi; METRO, a study in which efficacy of intravaginalmetronidazole gel in reducing bacterial vaginosis was assessed; PEPI, a study of antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-childtransmission of HIV; NA: not applicable.†Continuous variable.participants, and urban residents were less likely to testpositive than rural residents (OR 0.52 and 0.51, p = 0.02and 0.02, respectively). Although not statistically significant(p = 0.06), the ORs for participation in the SUCOMAstudy and having electricity in the house (an indicator ofhigher socioeconomic status) were 4.06 (95% CI 0.92–17.93) and 0.46 (95% CI 0.20–1.03), respectively. In themultivariate logistic regression analyses for the associationof HBsAg and HCV with various covariates (studyenrollment, HIV status, age, sex, whether there were multiplelifetime sexual partners, history of sexually transmitteddiseases, and history of condom use), only enrollmentin the NVAZ study (2000–2003) remained significantlyassociated with lower likelihood to test positive for HBsAg(adjusted OR 0.24, p = 0.006). No other variables werefound to be associated with HBV or HCV seroprevalence.DiscussionThis study provides preliminary estimates of HEV seroprevalencein Malawi, which has a population of ≈12 million, ismostly rural, and has a limited safe water supply and constrainedhealth care services (29). Overall, 16.5% (95% CI13.9%–19.1%) of the samples were positive for HEV IgG.In addition to examining seroprevalence of HEV in Malawi,this study has several other notable features: 1) samplesfrom 6 epidemiologic studies conducted by the same researchteam among adult men and women in urban and rural Malawiduring 1989–2008 were included, representing diverse1178 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 21, No. 7, July 2015