vol21no7_pdf-version

Recommendations

Info

RESEARCHFigure 3. Dynamics of 19-kDa merozoite surface protein antibodytiters by infant age in Benin, The Gambia, and Guinea and in the 3countries overall.temperature >37.5°C at the time of the survey. Althoughparasite densities in infants were lower than those in olderchildren, about half of the infants with malaria weresymptomatic. This finding contrasts with the long-heldbelief that malaria in young infants is not associated withclinical symptoms (23,24). The findings from this surveytherefore provide evidence that malaria in young infantsmay be symptomatic and should be evaluated for andtreated. In addition, malaria in this age group was significantlyassociated with anemia, indicating that malaria canhave a major negative effect on the health of infants. Otherpreviously reported clinical manifestations (e.g., splenomegaly,hepatomegaly, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea,poor feeding, restlessness, drowsiness, pallor, respiratorydistress, and convulsions) (25,26) were not consistentlydocumented in this survey. A study systematically investigatingfor malaria in all 0- to 6-month-old infants attendinghealth facilities in the same areas as this survey hasrecently been completed and should provide more informationon the clinical signs and symptoms of malaria inthis age group; that study used RDTs, microscopy, PCR,and hemoglobin measurements.We have shown that malaria in young infants is not rare,can be symptomatic, and has major health consequences,most notably anemia. Current World Health Organizationguidelines recommend the use of ACTs in infants, but theyspecify that for young infants weighing
Malaria among Young Infants, AfricaThis study was funded by Medicines for Malaria Venture andNovartis Pharma AG.Mr. Ceesay is a higher scientific officer and research coordinatorat the Medical Research Unit, The Gambia. His research interestshave focused mainly on the epidemiology of malaria in TheGambia and, more recently, on determining the risk for malaria inearly infancy and in different transmission settings.References1. McGregor IA. Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy. Am J TropMed Hyg. 1984;33:517–25.2. Pasvol G, Weatherall DJ, Wilson RJ. Effects of foetal haemoglobinon susceptibility of red cells to Plasmodium falciparum. Nature.1977;270:171–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/270171a03. D’Alessandro U, Ubben D, Hamed K, Ceesay SJ, Okebe J,Taal M, et al. Malaria in infants aged less than six months—is it an area of unmet medical need? Malar J. 2012;11:400.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-4004. Larru B, Molyneux E, Ter Kuile FO, Taylor T, Molyneux M,Terlouw DJ. Malaria in infants below six months of age:retrospective surveillance of hospital admission records inBlantyre, Malawi. Malar J. 2009;8:310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-3105. Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Liu J, Phillips AA, Hwang J,et al. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: newstrategies for new challenges. Lancet. 2013;382:900–11.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60310-46. Klein Klouwenberg PM, Oyakhirome S, Schwarz NG, Glaser B,Issifou S, Kiessling G, et al. Malaria and asymptomatic parasitaemiain Gabonese infants under the age of 3 months. Acta Trop.2005;95:81–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.05.0037. Alao MJ, Gbadoe AD, Meremikwu M, Tshefu A, Tiono AB,Cousin M, et al. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in infantsunder 5 kg: retrospective surveillance of hospital records in fivesub-Saharan African countries. J Trop Pediatr. 2013;59:154–9.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fms0698. Snow RW, Craig MH, Deichmann U, le Sueur D. A preliminarycontinental risk map for malaria mortality among African children.Parasitol Today. 1999;15:99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01395-29. Brabin B. An analysis of malaria parasite rates in infants: 40 yearsafter Macdonald. Trop Dis Bull. 1990;87:1–21.10. Nweneka CV, Eneh AU. Malaria parasitaemia in neonates in PortHarcourt, Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2004;50:114–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/50.2.11411. Afolabi BM, Salako LA, Mafe AG, Ovwigho UB, Rabiu KA,Sanyaolu NO, et al. Malaria in the first 6 months of life in urbanAfrican infants with anemia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:822–7.12. Snounou G, Singh B. Nested PCR analysis of Plasmodiumparasites. Methods Mol Med. 2002;72:189–203.13. Corran PH, Cook J, Lynch C, Leendertse H, Manjurano A,Griffin J, et al. Dried blood spots as a source of anti-malarialantibodies for epidemiological studies. Malar J. 2008;7:195.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-19514. Drakeley CJ, Corran PH, Coleman PG, Tongren JE, McDonald SL,Carneiro I, et al. Estimating medium- and long-term trends inmalaria transmission by using serological markers of malariaexposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:5108–13.http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040872510215. Stewart L, Gosling R, Griffin J, Gesase S, Campo J, Hashim R,et al. Rapid assessment of malaria transmission using age-specificsero-con<strong>version</strong> rates. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e6083.http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.000608316. Lindsay S, Ansell J, Selman C, Cox V, Hamilton K, Walraven G.Effect of pregnancy on exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Lancet.2000;355:1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02334-517. Verhulst NO, Qiu YT, Beijleveld H, Maliepaard C, Knights D,Schulz S, et al. Composition of human skin microbiota affectsattractiveness to malaria mosquitoes. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e28991.http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002899118. Mwaniki MK, Talbert AW, Mturi FN, Berkley JA, Kager P,Marsh K, et al. Congenital and neonatal malaria in a rural Kenyandistrict hospital: an eight-year analysis. Malar J. 2010;9:313.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-31319. Nankabirwa V, Tylleskar T, Nankunda J, Engebretsen IM,Sommerfelt H, Tumwine JK. Malaria parasitaemia among infantsand its association with breastfeeding peer counselling and vitaminA supplementation: a secondary analysis of a cluster randomizedtrial. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e21862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002186220. Pedro R, Akech S, Fegan G, Maitland K. Changing trends in bloodtransfusion in children and neonates admitted in Kilifi DistrictHospital, Kenya. Malar J. 2010;9:307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-30721. King CL, Malhotra I, Wamachi A, Kioko J, Mungai P, Wahab SA,et al. Acquired immune responses to Plasmodium falciparummerozoite surface protein-1 in the human fetus. J Immunol.2002;168:356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.35622. Dinko B, Oguike MC, Larbi JA, Bousema T, Sutherland CJ.Persistent detection of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae,P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri after ACT treatment ofasymptomatic Ghanaian school-children. Int J Parasitol Drugs DrugResist. 2013;3:45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.01.00123. Biggar RJ, Collins WE, Campbell CC. The serological responseto primary malaria infection in urban Ghanaian infants. Am J TropMed Hyg. 1980;29:720–4.24. Sehgal VM, Siddjiqui WA, Alpers MP. A seroepidemiological studyto evaluate the role of passive maternal immunity to malaria ininfants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989;83(Suppl):105–6.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90616-025. Ibhanesebhor SE. Clinical characteristics of neonatal malaria. J TropPediatr. 1995;41:330–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/41.6.33026. Hashemzadeh A, Heydarian F. Congenital malaria in a neonate[cited 2014 Jul 28]. http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/0583/0017.<strong>pdf</strong>27. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria.Second edition [cited 2014 Aug 1]. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241547925/en/index.html28. Murray CK, Gasser RA Jr, Magill AJ, Miller RS. Update on rapiddiagnostic testing for malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00035-0729. Maltha J, Gillet P, Jacobs J. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests inendemic settings. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:399–407.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.1215130. Malaria diagnosis: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull WorldHealth Organ. 1988;66:575–94.31. Milne LM, Kyi MS, Chiodini PL, Warhurst DC. Accuracy ofroutine laboratory diagnosis of malaria in the United Kingdom.J Clin Pathol. 1994;47:740–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.47.8.74032. Olupot-Olupot P, Urban BC, Jemutai J, Nteziyaremye J, Fanjo HM,Karanja H, et al. Endotoxaemia is common in children withPlasmodium falciparum malaria. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:117.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-11733. Rowley CF. Developments in CD4 and viral load monitoring inresource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:407–12.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit733Address for correspondence: Umberto D’Alessandro, MedicalResearch Council Unit, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia;email: Udalessandro@mrc.gmEmerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 21, No. 7, July 2015 1121
Page 3 and 4: July 2015SynopsisOn the CoverMarian
Page 5 and 6: 1240 Gastroenteritis OutbreaksCause
Page 7 and 8: SYNOPSISDisseminated Infections wit
Page 9 and 10: Disseminated Infections with Talaro
Page 11 and 12: Disseminated Infections with Talaro
Page 13 and 14: Macacine Herpesvirus 1 inLong-Taile
Page 15 and 16: Macacine Herpesvirus 1 in Macaques,
Page 17 and 18: Macacine Herpesvirus 1 in Macaques,
Page 19: Macacine Herpesvirus 1 in Macaques,
Page 23: Malaria among Young Infants, Africa
Page 28 and 29: Transdermal Diagnosis of MalariaUsi
Page 30 and 31: RESEARCHFigure 2. A) Acoustic trace
Page 32 and 33: RESEARCHof malaria-infected mosquit
Page 34 and 35: Lack of Transmission amongClose Con
Page 36 and 37: RESEARCH(IFA) and microneutralizati
Page 38 and 39: RESEARCHoropharyngeal, and serum sa
Page 40 and 41: RESEARCH6. Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl
Page 42 and 43: RESEARCHadvanced genomic sequencing
Page 44 and 45: RESEARCHTable 2. Next-generation se
Page 46 and 47: RESEARCHTable 3. Mutation analysis
Page 48 and 49: RESEARCHReferences1. Baize S, Panne
Page 50 and 51: Parechovirus Genotype 3 Outbreakamo
Page 52 and 53: RESEARCHFigure 1. Venn diagramshowi
Page 54 and 55: RESEARCHTable 2. HPeV testing of sp
Page 56 and 57: RESEARCHFigure 5. Distribution of h
Page 58 and 59: RESEARCHReferences1. Selvarangan R,
Page 60 and 61: RESEARCHthe left lobe was sampled b
Page 62 and 63: RESEARCHTable 2. Middle East respir
Page 64 and 65: RESEARCHseroprevalence in domestic
Page 66 and 67: RESEARCHmeasure their current surve
Page 68 and 69: RESEARCHTable 2. States with labora
Page 70 and 71: RESEARCHFigure 2. Comparison of sur
Page 72 and 73: RESEARCH9. Centers for Disease Cont
Page 74 and 75: RESEARCHthe analyses. Cases in pers
Page 76 and 77:
RESEARCHTable 3. Sampling results (
Page 78 and 79:
RESEARCHpresence of Legionella spp.
Page 80 and 81:
Seroprevalence for Hepatitis Eand O
Page 82 and 83:
RESEARCHTable 1. Description of stu
Page 84 and 85:
RESEARCHTable 3. Crude and adjusted
Page 86 and 87:
RESEARCHrates by gender or HIV stat
Page 88 and 89:
RESEARCH25. Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Ka
Page 90 and 91:
POLICY REVIEWDutch Consensus Guidel
Page 92 and 93:
POLICY REVIEWTable 3. Comparison of
Page 94 and 95:
POLICY REVIEW6. Botelho-Nevers E, F
Page 96 and 97:
DISPATCHESFigure 1. Phylogenetic tr
Page 98 and 99:
DISPATCHESSevere Pediatric Adenovir
Page 100 and 101:
DISPATCHESTable 1. Demographics and
Page 102 and 103:
DISPATCHES13. Kim YJ, Hong JY, Lee
Page 104 and 105:
DISPATCHESTable. Alignment of resid
Page 106 and 107:
DISPATCHESFigure 2. Interaction of
Page 108 and 109:
DISPATCHESSchmallenberg Virus Recur
Page 110 and 111:
DISPATCHESFigure 2. Detection of Sc
Page 112 and 113:
DISPATCHESFigure 1. Histopathologic
Page 114:
DISPATCHESFigure 2. Detection of fo
Page 117 and 118:
Influenza Virus Strains in the Amer
Page 119 and 120:
Novel Arenavirus Isolates from Nama
Page 121 and 122:
Novel Arenaviruses, Southern Africa
Page 123 and 124:
Readability of Ebola Informationon
Page 125 and 126:
Readability of Ebola Information on
Page 127 and 128:
Patients under investigation for ME
Page 129 and 130:
Patients under investigation for ME
Page 131 and 132:
Wildlife Reservoir for Hepatitis E
Page 133 and 134:
Asymptomatic Malaria and Other Infe
Page 135 and 136:
Asymptomatic Malaria in Children fr
Page 137 and 138:
Bufavirus in Wild Shrews and Nonhum
Page 139 and 140:
Bufavirus in Wild Shrews and Nonhum
Page 141 and 142:
Range Expansion for Rat Lungworm in
Page 143 and 144:
Slow Clearance of Plasmodium falcip
Page 145 and 146:
Slow Clearance of Plasmodium falcip
Page 147 and 148:
Gastroenteritis Caused by Norovirus
Page 149 and 150:
Ebola Virus Stability on Surfaces a
Page 151 and 152:
Ebola Virus Stability on Surfaces a
Page 153 and 154:
Outbreak of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant
Page 155 and 156:
Outbreak of S. sonnei, South KoreaT
Page 157 and 158:
Rapidly Expanding Range of Highly P
Page 159 and 160:
Cluster of Ebola Virus Disease, Bon
Page 161 and 162:
Cluster of Ebola Virus Disease, Lib
Page 163 and 164:
ANOTHER DIMENSIONThe Past Is Never
Page 165 and 166:
Measles Epidemic, Boston, Massachus
Page 167 and 168:
LETTERSInfluenza A(H5N6)Virus Reass
Page 169 and 170:
LETTERSsystem (8 kb-span paired-end
Page 171 and 172:
LETTERS3. Van Hong N, Amambua-Ngwa
Page 173 and 174:
LETTERSTable. Prevalence of Bartone
Page 175 and 176:
LETTERSavian influenza A(H5N1) viru
Page 177 and 178:
LETTERSprovinces and a total of 200
Page 179 and 180:
LETTERS7. Manian FA. Bloodstream in
Page 181 and 182:
LETTERSforward projections. N Engl
Page 183 and 184:
LETTERS3. Guindon S, Gascuel OA. Si
Page 185 and 186:
BOOKS AND MEDIAin the port cities o
Page 187 and 188:
ABOUT THE COVERNorth was not intere
Page 189 and 190:
Earning CME CreditTo obtain credit,
Page 191:
Emerging Infectious Diseases is a p
show all

vol21no7_pdf-version

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?