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LETTERSFigure. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of the A) hemagglutinin and B) polymerase basic 2 gene segments of highly pathogenicavian influenza A(H5N1) virus from poultry in Nigeria, 2015 (in red). Bootstrap values (100 replicates) >60 are shown at the nodes.Scale bars indicate nucleotide substitutions per site. HPAI, highly pathogenic avian influenza.accounts of increased poultry deaths in some live birdmarkets in Lagos, after the birds had been moved from thenorth (Kano) to the south during the festive season. Theidentification of genetic clustering between the strainsfrom Nigeria analyzed here and the HPAI A(H5N1) virusesoriginally identified in Asia suggests an unknownepidemiologic link between these regions, probably associatedwith human activities, migratory bird movements,or both.Considering that this virus is an intersubtype reassortantand has already caused infection in humans, we believethat complete characterization of the strain in terms ofvirulence and host range is of high priority. Furthermore,because the reemergence of subtype H5N1 virus was followedby epidemiologic amplification (≈265 outbreaks in18 states as of February 2015; T. Joannis, pers. comm.,2015) for which virus genetic characterization is not yetavailable, local veterinary and public health services andinternational organizations should take necessary measuresto identify critical control points and stop circulation ofthis virus.AcknowledgmentsWe gratefully acknowledge the contributing authors and theoriginating and submitting laboratories for the sequences fromthe Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data EpiFludatabase on which this research is based. We also acknowledgeOlorunsola Bankole and Idris Ibrahim for sample collection andthe Federal Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services,Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Abuja, Nigeria, for technicalsupport. We thank Silvia Ormelli, Alessia Schivo, and FrancescaEllero for their excellent technical assistance.This work was partially supported by the European projectsEpi-SEQ (http://www.epi-seq.eu/), FP7 project no. 219235.References1. Fusaro A, Nelson MI, Joannis T, Bertolotti L, Monne I,Salviato A, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of multiple sublineagesof H5N1 influenza viruses in Nigeria from 2006 to 2008. J Virol.2010;84:3239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02385-092. Monne I, Fusaro A, Nelson MI, Bonfanti L, Mulatti P, Hughes J,et al. Emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virusfrom a low-pathogenic progenitor. J Virol. 2014;88:4375–88.http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03181-131276 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 21, No. 7, July 2015
LETTERS3. Guindon S, Gascuel OA. Simple, fast, and accurate algorithm toestimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol.2003;52:696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106351503902355204. Pabbaraju K, Tellier R, Wong S, Li Y, Bastien N, Tang JW, et al.Full-genome analysis of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus from ahuman, North America, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:887–91.http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2005.140164.5. World Health Organization. Antigenic and genetic characteristicsof zoonotic influenza viruses and development of candidate vaccineviruses for pandemic preparedness [cited 2015 Feb 1]. http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/characteristics_virus_vaccines/en/6. Subbarao EK, London W, Murphy BR. A single amino acid in thePB2 gene of influenza A virus is a determinant of host range.J Virol. 1993;67:1761–4.7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. H5N1 GeneticChanges Inventory: a tool for influenza surveillance andpreparedness [cited 2012 Jun 1]. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h5n1-genetic-changes.htmAddress for correspondence: Isabella Monne, Istituto ZooprofilatticoSperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Innovation Department, OIEand National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza & NewcastleDisease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastledisease, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-AnimalInterface. Viale dell’Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy;email: email: imonne@izsvenezie.itEmerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 21, No. 7, July 2015 1277
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July 2015SynopsisOn the CoverMarian
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1240 Gastroenteritis OutbreaksCause
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SYNOPSISDisseminated Infections wit
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Disseminated Infections with Talaro
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Disseminated Infections with Talaro
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Macacine Herpesvirus 1 inLong-Taile
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Macacine Herpesvirus 1 in Macaques,
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Malaria among Young Infants, Africa
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RESEARCHFigure 3. Dynamics of 19-kD
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Transdermal Diagnosis of MalariaUsi
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RESEARCHFigure 2. A) Acoustic trace
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RESEARCHof malaria-infected mosquit
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Lack of Transmission amongClose Con
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RESEARCH(IFA) and microneutralizati
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RESEARCHoropharyngeal, and serum sa
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RESEARCH6. Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl
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RESEARCHadvanced genomic sequencing
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RESEARCHTable 2. Next-generation se
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RESEARCHTable 3. Mutation analysis
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RESEARCHReferences1. Baize S, Panne
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Parechovirus Genotype 3 Outbreakamo
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RESEARCHFigure 1. Venn diagramshowi
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RESEARCHTable 2. HPeV testing of sp
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RESEARCHFigure 5. Distribution of h
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RESEARCHReferences1. Selvarangan R,
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RESEARCHthe left lobe was sampled b
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RESEARCHTable 2. Middle East respir
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RESEARCHseroprevalence in domestic
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RESEARCHmeasure their current surve
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RESEARCHTable 2. States with labora
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RESEARCHFigure 2. Comparison of sur
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RESEARCH9. Centers for Disease Cont
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RESEARCHthe analyses. Cases in pers
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RESEARCHTable 3. Sampling results (
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RESEARCHpresence of Legionella spp.
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Seroprevalence for Hepatitis Eand O
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RESEARCHTable 1. Description of stu
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RESEARCHTable 3. Crude and adjusted
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RESEARCHrates by gender or HIV stat
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RESEARCH25. Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Ka
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POLICY REVIEWDutch Consensus Guidel
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POLICY REVIEWTable 3. Comparison of
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POLICY REVIEW6. Botelho-Nevers E, F
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DISPATCHESFigure 1. Phylogenetic tr
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DISPATCHESSevere Pediatric Adenovir
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DISPATCHESTable 1. Demographics and
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DISPATCHES13. Kim YJ, Hong JY, Lee
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DISPATCHESTable. Alignment of resid
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DISPATCHESFigure 2. Interaction of
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DISPATCHESSchmallenberg Virus Recur
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DISPATCHESFigure 2. Detection of Sc
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DISPATCHESFigure 1. Histopathologic
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DISPATCHESFigure 2. Detection of fo
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Influenza Virus Strains in the Amer
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Novel Arenavirus Isolates from Nama
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Novel Arenaviruses, Southern Africa
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Readability of Ebola Informationon
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Readability of Ebola Information on
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Patients under investigation for ME
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Patients under investigation for ME
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Page 163 and 164: ANOTHER DIMENSIONThe Past Is Never
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Page 167 and 168: LETTERSInfluenza A(H5N6)Virus Reass
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Page 187 and 188: ABOUT THE COVERNorth was not intere
Page 189 and 190: Earning CME CreditTo obtain credit,
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