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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve seen an integrated circuit (IC) before and we know what it looks like, but we’ve never used one before, so we’ll take a closer look at the 555 now. It is an 8-pin dual-in-line (DIL) device and one is shown in Photo 5.5. Somewhere on its body is a notch or dot, which indicates the whereabouts of pin 1 of the IC as shown in Figure 5.1. The remainder of the pins are numbered in sequence in an anti-clockwise direction around the IC. Photo 5.5 The 555, an 8 pin DIL timer IC, beside a UK one penny piece Figure 5.1 A diagram of the normal configuration of any IC: the dot marks pin 1 and the remaining pins run anti-clockwise 103
Starting electronics ICs should be inserted into a breadboard across the breadboard’s central bridged portion. Isn’t it amazing that this portion is 7.5 mm across and, hey presto, the rows of pins of the IC are about 7.5 mm apart? It’s as if the IC was made for the breadboard! So the IC fits into the breadboard something like that in Photo 5.6. Photo 5.6 The IC mounted across the central divide in the breadboard, which is designed to be the exact size We’ll look at the light emitting diode later. If you remember, last chapter we took a close look at capacitors, how they charge and discharge, storing and releasing electrical energy. The first thing we shall do this chapter, however, is use this principle to build a useful circuit called 104
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Starting Electronics i
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Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
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Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
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The very first steps 1 The very fir
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The very first steps potential rewa
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The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
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The very first steps that electrici
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The very first steps Going back to
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The very first steps tially exist.
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The very first steps by a scientist
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The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
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The very first steps Electronic com
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The very first steps Larger values
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The very first steps Time out That
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On the boards 2 On the boards In th
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On the boards If you are following
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On the boards Hint: The theoretical
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On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
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On the boards Down the edges of the
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On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
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On the boards of leads should be su
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On the boards it gets older and sta
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On the boards Hint: The bands group
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On the boards In practice, you migh
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On the boards called just ohmmeter)
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On the boards ends. We say resistor
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On the boards we would get: and thi
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On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
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Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
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Page 66 and 67: Measuring current and voltage Did y
Page 68 and 69: Measuring current and voltage Figur
Page 72 and 73: Practically there Measuring current
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Page 84 and 85: Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
Page 86 and 87: Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
Page 88 and 89: Capacitors In our experiments in th
Page 90 and 91: Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
Page 92 and 93: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 94 and 95: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 96 and 97: Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
Page 98 and 99: Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
Page 100 and 101: Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
Page 102 and 103: Capacitors plates of the capacitor
Page 104 and 105: Capacitors where ε is the permitti
Page 106 and 107: ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
Page 108 and 109: ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
Page 112 and 113: ICs oscillators and filters an osci
Page 114 and 115: ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
Page 116 and 117: ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
Page 118 and 119: ICs oscillators and filters output
Page 120 and 121: ICs oscillators and filters Value o
Page 122 and 123: ICs oscillators and filters voltage
Page 124 and 125: ICs oscillators and filters Value o
Page 126 and 127: ICs oscillators and filters Figure
Page 128 and 129: ICs oscillators and filters simple
Page 130 and 131: Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
Page 132 and 133: Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
Page 134 and 135: Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
Page 136 and 137: Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
Page 138 and 139: Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
Page 140 and 141: Diodes I but we never said it was a
Page 142 and 143: Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
Page 144 and 145: Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
Page 146 and 147: Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
Page 148 and 149: Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
Page 150 and 151: Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
Page 152 and 153: Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
Page 154 and 155: Diodes II the same experiment we di
Page 156 and 157: Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
Page 158 and 159: Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Digital integrated circuits I It’
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Digital integrated circuits I The t
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Digital integrated circuits I Trans
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Digital integrated circuits I going
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Digital integrated circuits I OR an
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Digital integrated circuits I For t
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Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
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Digital integrated circuits II A se
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Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Digital integrated circuits II gate
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Digital integrated circuits II In o
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Digital integrated circuits II Figu
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Digital integrated circuits II Swit
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Digital integrated circuits II The
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Open the black box Digital integrat
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Digital integrated circuits II Ther
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Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
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Glossary bode plots method of showi
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Glossary decibels logarithmic units
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Glossary integrated circuit a semic
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Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
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Glossary squarewave a signal which
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Glossary Components used Resistors
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Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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