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Digital integrated circuits I Figure 10.47 A three input AND gate converted to a NOR gate with NOT gates In other words: And — there — we have just proved mathematically that you can make a NOR gate from AND and NOT gates. So, there’s no doubt about it, all digital electronic logic gates can be created from a number of other digital electronic logic gates. What’s more, it’s not beyond the realms of possibility to work out for ourselves that these very logic gates, that can make any other logic gates, can be combined, and combined again, to make up ever more complex circuits. And, indeed they are — as we’ll see in the next chapter! For now, have a go at the quiz over the page, to see if you’ve been taking notice… …which I’m sure you have. Just prove it! 239
Starting electronics Quiz Answers at end of book 1 In the circuit symbol for an NOT gate: a the input is applied to the side with a circle b the output comes from the side with a circle c the circle implies that the signal is turned upside down d the triangle represents the three signals that must be applied e b and c f all of these g none of these. 2 All logic gates can be made up from transistors: True or false. 3 The output of a NOT gate is: a always logic 0 b always 5 volts c never logic 1 d the logical opposite of the power supply e the logical opposite of its input f none of these. 4 The output of an OR gate is logic 1 when: a all of its inputs are logic 1 b any of its inputs are logic 1 c none of its inputs are logic 1 d a and b. 5 The output of a NOR gate is logic 1 when: a all of its inputs are logic 1 b 10 milliamps c any of its inputs are logic 1 d this is a trick question, the output is always logic 1 e none of these. 6 When the output of a gate is used as the input of a NOT gate, the final output is: a always the inverse of the output of the first gate b always the same as the output of the first gate c can only be calculated mathematically by binary logic d all of these e none of these f in the lap of the gods. 7 If the inputs to an OR gate are inverted with NOT gates, the overall gate is that of a: a NOT gate b NOR gate c NAND gate d a and b e b and c f none of these. 8 Any logic gate can be created from other logic gates: True or false. 240
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Starting Electronics i
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Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
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Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
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The very first steps 1 The very fir
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The very first steps potential rewa
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The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
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The very first steps that electrici
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The very first steps Going back to
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The very first steps tially exist.
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The very first steps by a scientist
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The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
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The very first steps Electronic com
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The very first steps Larger values
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The very first steps Time out That
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On the boards 2 On the boards In th
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On the boards If you are following
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On the boards Hint: The theoretical
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On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
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On the boards Down the edges of the
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On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
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On the boards of leads should be su
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On the boards it gets older and sta
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On the boards Hint: The bands group
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On the boards In practice, you migh
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On the boards called just ohmmeter)
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On the boards ends. We say resistor
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On the boards we would get: and thi
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On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
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Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
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Measuring current and voltage forme
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Did y
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Measuring current and voltage Figur
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Practically there Measuring current
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Hint:
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Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
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Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
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Capacitors In our experiments in th
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Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
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Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
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Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
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Capacitors plates of the capacitor
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Capacitors where ε is the permitti
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ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
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ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
Page 196 and 197: Analogue integrated circuits Figure
Page 198 and 199: Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Page 206 and 207: Analogue integrated circuits circui
Page 212 and 213: Analogue integrated circuits an app
Page 214 and 215: Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
Page 216 and 217: Digital integrated circuits I Logic
Page 218 and 219: Digital integrated circuits I If we
Page 220 and 221: Digital integrated circuits I Figur
Page 222 and 223: Digital integrated circuits I It’
Page 228 and 229: Digital integrated circuits I The t
Page 230 and 231: Digital integrated circuits I Trans
Page 238 and 239: Digital integrated circuits I going
Page 240 and 241: Digital integrated circuits I OR an
Page 242 and 243: Digital integrated circuits I For t
Page 248 and 249: Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
Page 250 and 251: Digital integrated circuits II A se
Page 252 and 253: Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Page 256 and 257: Digital integrated circuits II In o
Page 258 and 259: Digital integrated circuits II Figu
Page 260 and 261: Digital integrated circuits II Swit
Page 262 and 263: Digital integrated circuits II The
Page 268 and 269: Open the black box Digital integrat
Page 272 and 273: Digital integrated circuits II Ther
Page 274 and 275: Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
Page 276 and 277: Glossary bode plots method of showi
Page 278 and 279: Glossary decibels logarithmic units
Page 280 and 281: Glossary integrated circuit a semic
Page 282 and 283: Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
Page 284 and 285: Glossary squarewave a signal which
Page 286 and 287: Glossary Components used Resistors
Page 288 and 289: Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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