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Digital integrated circuits II There’s a couple of points to note about this JK-type bistable symbol: • operations take place on the falling edge of the applied clock pulse; • the last row of the function table shows a bistable operation known as toggling — in which the output state changes from whatever state it is, to the other state. This, you will of course remember — is how the T-type bistable of Figure 11.12 is created. And now the time has come... So with this (fairly detailed) look at digital integrated circuits and the electronic logic that they comprise, thus ends our foray into the enjoyable world of electronics. You may feel as though you’ve learned a lot in the pages of this book and I trust you’ve had a good time in the process, but hopefully this is just the beginning of enjoyable times ahead. Electronics is a much larger area than you’ve seen here, and there’s much more to discover and much more to do. Indeed, you could spend literally years reading about electronics, and designing or building projects, and you still mightn’t know it all but at least you are on the right track now — you’re starting electronics… … though just in case you think you already know it all — check out the quiz over the page! 265
Starting electronics Quiz Answers at end of book 1 A bistable can be made from: a two NOR gates b two NAND gates c an IC e a and b f b and c g all of these h none of these. 2 All bistables can be made up from transistors: True or false. 3 A function table: a shows contact bounce in a circuit b is like a truth table for sequential circuits c never applies to bistables made from logic gates d only applies to IC bistables e a and b f none of these. 4 Contact bounce: a is a myth b is impossible to eliminate practically c always occurs on Saturday d is none of these. 6 One way of making an edge-triggered bistable: a is to combine two bistables in a master–slave arrangement b is to adjust the clock signal so that it only has edges c is to disconnect the battery d all of these e none of these 7 The T in T-type bistable stands for: a Total b Typical c Transient d Toggle e Two sugars and milk f none of these. 8 The JK-type bistable is useful as: a it needs no power supply b all possible outputs can be predetermined logically c a doorstop d it allows fewer inputs than an SR-type bistable e a and c f b and c g none of these. 5 All clocked bistables are edgetriggered: True or false. 266
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Starting Electronics i
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Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
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Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
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The very first steps 1 The very fir
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The very first steps potential rewa
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The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
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The very first steps that electrici
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The very first steps Going back to
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The very first steps tially exist.
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The very first steps by a scientist
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The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
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The very first steps Electronic com
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The very first steps Larger values
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The very first steps Time out That
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On the boards 2 On the boards In th
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On the boards If you are following
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On the boards Hint: The theoretical
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On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
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On the boards Down the edges of the
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On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
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On the boards of leads should be su
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On the boards it gets older and sta
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On the boards Hint: The bands group
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On the boards In practice, you migh
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On the boards called just ohmmeter)
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On the boards ends. We say resistor
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On the boards we would get: and thi
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On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
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Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
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Measuring current and voltage forme
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Did y
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Measuring current and voltage Figur
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Practically there Measuring current
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Hint:
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Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
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Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
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Capacitors In our experiments in th
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Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
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Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
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Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
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Capacitors plates of the capacitor
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Capacitors where ε is the permitti
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ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
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ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Page 252 and 253: Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Page 268 and 269: Open the black box Digital integrat
Page 274 and 275: Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
Page 276 and 277: Glossary bode plots method of showi
Page 278 and 279: Glossary decibels logarithmic units
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Page 282 and 283: Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
Page 284 and 285: Glossary squarewave a signal which
Page 286 and 287: Glossary Components used Resistors
Page 288 and 289: Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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